Algorithms for Multilayer Conformal Additive Manufacturing

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua D. Davis ◽  
Michael D. Kutzer ◽  
Gregory S. Chirikjian
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Natural Boundary ◽  
Compatibility Conditions ◽  
Object Boundary ◽  
Line Segments ◽  
Normal Line ◽  
Geometric Objects ◽  
Offset Curves ◽  
Initial Object

Despite the rapid advance of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies in recent years, methods to fully encase objects with multilayer, thick features are still undeveloped. This issue can be overcome by printing layers conformally about an object's natural boundary, as opposed to current methods that utilize planar layering. With this mindset, two methods are derived to generate layers between the boundaries of initial and desired geometric objects in both two and three dimensions. The first method is based on variable offset curves (VOCs) and is applicable to pairs of initial and desired geometric objects that satisfy mild compatibility conditions. In this method, layers are generated by uniformly partitioning each of the normal line segments emanating from the initial object boundary and intersecting the desired object. The second method is based on manipulated solutions to Laplace's equation and is applicable to all geometric objects. Using each method, we present examples of layer generation for several objects of varying convexities. Results are compared, and the respective advantages and limitations of each method are discussed.

Algorithms for Multilayer Conformal Additive Manufacturing

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua D. Davis ◽  
Michael D. Kutzer ◽  
Gregory S. Chirikjian
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Laplace’S Equation ◽  
Laplace's Equation ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Rapid Advance ◽  
Natural Geometry ◽  
Offset Curves ◽  
Convex Geometries ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies

Despite the rapid advance of additive manufacturing technologies in recent years, methods to fully encase objects with multilayer, thick features are still undeveloped. This issue can be overcome by printing layers conformally about an object’s natural geometry, as opposed to current methods that utilize planar layering. With this mindset, two new methods are derived to generate uniformly distributed layers between initial and desired geometries in both two and three dimensions. The first method is based on variable offset curves and can only be applied to convex or star-convex geometries. The second method is based on manipulated solutions to Laplace’s equation and is applicable to all geometries. Using each method, we present examples of layer generation for several geometries of varying convexities. Results are compared, and the respective advantages and limitations of each method are discussed.

A linear-time, constant-space algorithm for computing the spanning line segments in three dimensions

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 873-878
Author(s):  
K.-L. Chung ◽  
S.-M. Chang ◽  
T.C. Woo
Keyword(s):  
Time Constant ◽  
Linear Time ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Line Segments

scholarly journals Synergic Sustainability Implications of Additive Manufacturing in Automotive Spare Parts: A Case Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8461
Author(s):  
Luis Isasi-Sanchez ◽  
Jesus Morcillo-Bellido ◽  
Jose Ignacio Ortiz-Gonzalez ◽  
Alfonso Duran-Heras
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Case Analysis ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Sustainable Supply Chain ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Chain Management ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Disruptive Innovations

Triple bottom line (3BL) approaches to sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) often involve trade-offs between their three dimensions (economic, environmental, and social), thus curtailing its application and leading to goal unalignment among stakeholders. Under some circumstances, however, synergic approaches (typically involving disruptive innovations) might allow simultaneous improvement in one or more dimensions without compromising the others. This paper analyzes one such case: the potential of properly designed additive manufacturing approaches in the automotive spare parts industry to simultaneously boost profits and reduce environmental impact. It is based on the systematic analysis of the real spare parts business of a mid-size automotive brand in Spain. Its results suggest that such synergic, self-reinforcing opportunities do indeed exist, and might even be further developed by strategically integrating sustainability constituents such as circularity.

Investigation of Parameter Spaces for Topology Optimization With Three-Dimensional Orientation Fields for Multi-Axis Additive Manufacturing

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Kubalak ◽  
Alfred L. Wicks ◽  
Christopher B. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Topology Optimization ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Design Space ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Material Distribution ◽  
Orientation Fields ◽  
Material Orientation

Abstract The layer-by-layer deposition process used in material extrusion (ME) additive manufacturing results in inter- and intra-layer bonds that reduce the mechanical performance of printed parts. Multi-axis (MA) ME techniques have shown potential for mitigating this issue by enabling tailored deposition directions based on loading conditions in three dimensions (3D). Planning deposition paths leveraging this capability remains a challenge, as an intelligent method for assigning these directions does not exist. Existing literature has introduced topology optimization (TO) methods that assign material orientations to discrete regions of a part by simultaneously optimizing material distribution and orientation. These methods are insufficient for MA–ME, as the process offers additional freedom in varying material orientation that is not accounted for in the orientation parameterizations used in those methods. Additionally, optimizing orientation design spaces is challenging due to their non-convexity, and this issue is amplified with increased flexibility; the chosen orientation parameterization heavily impacts the algorithm’s performance. Therefore, the authors (i) present a TO method to simultaneously optimize material distribution and orientation with considerations for 3D material orientation variation and (ii) establish a suitable parameterization of the orientation design space. Three parameterizations are explored in this work: Euler angles, explicit quaternions, and natural quaternions. The parameterizations are compared using two benchmark minimum compliance problems, a 2.5D Messerschmitt–Bölkow–Blohm beam and a 3D Wheel, and a multi-loaded structure undergoing (i) pure tension and (ii) three-point bending. For the Wheel, the presented algorithm demonstrated a 38% improvement in compliance over an algorithm that only allowed planar orientation variation. Additionally, natural quaternions maintain the well-shaped design space of explicit quaternions without the need for unit length constraints, which lowers computational costs. Finally, the authors present a path toward integrating optimized geometries and material orientation fields resulting from the presented algorithm with MA–ME processes.

Tool Path Generation Based on B-Spline Wavelets

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranga Narayanaswami ◽  
Junhua Pang
Keyword(s):  
Tool Path ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Tool Path Generation ◽  
Numerical Control ◽  
Algebraic Complexity ◽  
Path Generation ◽  
Object Boundary ◽  
Machined Surface ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Offset Curves

Abstract Tool path generation is a fundamental problem in numerical control machining. Typical methods used for machining 2.5D objects include generation of offset contours using trimmed offset curves and zigzag sequences. The offset contours result in unnecessary detailed curves far away from the object boundary. The zigzag sequences result in frequent stops and changes in tool direction. In this paper we present a novel approach for tool path generation based on wavelet theory. The theory of wavelets naturally leads to a simple cut sequence algorithm that provides valid and efficient coverage of the machined surface. The classical analytical and algebraic complexity in tool path planning is also reduced. In this paper, curves are represented by endpoint interpolating B-splines and their corresponding wavelets. Design and manufacturing examples are also presented in this paper.

scholarly journals Impact Assessment of Additive Manufacturing on Sustainable Business Models in Industry 4.0 Context

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 7066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radu Godina ◽  
Inês Ribeiro ◽  
Florinda Matos ◽  
Bruna T. Ferreira ◽  
Helena Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Manufacturing Systems ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Sustainable Business ◽  
Core Element ◽  
Sustainable Business Models

Additive manufacturing has the potential to make a longstanding impact on the manufacturing world and is a core element of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Additive manufacturing signifies a new disruptive path on how we will produce parts and products. Several studies suggest this technology could foster sustainability into manufacturing systems based on its potential of optimizing material consumption, creating new shapes, customizing designs and shortening production times that, all combined, will greatly transform some of the existing business models. Although it requires reaching a certain level of design maturity to completely insert this technology in an industrial setting, additive manufacturing has the potential to favorably impact the manufacturing sector by reducing costs in production, logistics, inventories, and in the development and industrialization of a new product. The transformation of the industry and the acceleration of the adopting rate of new technologies is driving organizational strategy. Thus, through the lenses of Industry 4.0 and its technological concepts, this paper aims to contribute to the knowledge about the impacts of additive manufacturing technology on sustainable business models. This aim is accomplished through a proposed framework, as well as the models and scales that can be used to determine these impacts. The effects are assessed by taking into account the social, environmental and economic impacts of additive manufacturing on business models and for all these three dimensions a balanced scorecard structure is proposed.

The Research on Pan-Genes of an Object Boundary

2011 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 530-535
Author(s):  
Jun Ying Tian ◽  
Jian Hai Han ◽  
Hong Lin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Binary Image ◽  
Object Boundary ◽  
Chain Code ◽  
Line Segments ◽  
Basic Properties ◽  
Internal Relations ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Regional Boundary

The aim of this paper is to give some researches and instructions of relations between the special shapes of an object boundary and their 8-adjacency chain code strings, characteristics of these chain code strings, internal relations among these chain code strings. These characteristics can be used to identify the region of an object boundary, when necessary, to generate this regional boundary. But this is irrelevant to various operations on image. This function of a chain code string is similar to the roles of genes in biology, is called pan-genes. An object boundary on binary image is considered by many tiny line segments connected with each other. The research on characteristics of chain code strings of line segments is an important segment of recognition and generation of an object boundary. This paper gives characteristics of chain code strings of pan-genes corresponding line segments, relations among these chain code strings, chain code string organization forms of chain code string units of line segments (these units are abbreviated with UL), the effective ways and methods on recognition and generation of line segments. Thus, this paper studies the chain code features of corners and circles. This paper gives a variety forms and features of ULs, shows the effects and methods on recognition and generation of an object boundary, gets basic properties of chain code strings about corners and circles.

FINDING SIMPLICES CONTAINING THE ORIGIN IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (05) ◽  
pp. 495-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
KHALED ELBASSIONI ◽  
AMR ELMASRY ◽  
KAZUHISA MAKINO
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Dimensional Case ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Line Segments

We show that finding the simplices containing a fixed given point among those defined on a set of n points can be done in O(n + k) time for the two-dimensional case, and in O(n2 + k) time for the three-dimensional case, where k is the number of these simplices. As a byproduct, we give an alternative (to the algorithm in Ref. 4) O(n log r) algorithm that finds the red-blue boundary for n bichromatic points on the line, where r is the size of this boundary. Another byproduct is an O(n2 + t) algorithm that finds the intersections of line segments having two red endpoints with those having two blue endpoints defined on a set of n bichromatic points in the plane, where t is the number of these intersections.

Computing spanning line segments in three dimensions

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-180
Author(s):  
Ming-En Wang ◽  
Tony C. Woo ◽  
Lin-Lin Chen ◽  
Shuo-Yan Chou
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Line Segments
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