scholarly journals Performance Criteria for Liquid Storage Tanks and Piping Systems Subjected to Seismic Loading

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Vathi ◽  
Spyros A. Karamanos ◽  
Ioannis A. Kapogiannis ◽  
Konstantinos V. Spiliopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Failure Modes ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Local Strain ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Limit States ◽  
Liquid Storage ◽  
Piping Systems

In this paper, performance criteria for the seismic design of industrial liquid storage tanks and piping systems are proposed, aimed at introducing those industrial components into a performance-based design (PBD) framework. Considering “loss of containment” as the ultimate damage state, the proposed limit states are quantified in terms of local quantities obtained from a simple and efficient earthquake analysis. Liquid storage tanks and the corresponding principal failure modes (elephant's foot buckling, roof damage, base plate failure, anchorage failure, and nozzle damage) are examined first. Subsequently, limit states for piping systems are presented in terms of local strain at specific piping components (elbows, Tees, and nozzles) against ultimate strain capacity (tensile and compressive) and low-cycle fatigue. Modeling issues for liquid storage tanks and piping systems are also discussed, compared successfully with available experimental data, and simple and efficient analysis tools are proposed, toward reliable estimates of local strain demand. Using the above reliable numerical models, the proposed damage states are examined in two case studies: (a) a liquid storage tank and (b) a piping system, both located in areas of high seismicity.

scholarly journals Performance Criteria for Liquid Storage Tanks and Piping Systems Subjected to Seismic Loading

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Vathi ◽  
Spyros A. Karamanos ◽  
Ioannis A. Kapogiannis ◽  
Konstantinos V. Spiliopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Failure Modes ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Local Strain ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Performance Limits ◽  
Liquid Storage ◽  
Piping Systems

In this paper, performance criteria for the seismic design of industrial liquid storage tanks and piping systems are proposed, aimed at defining a performance-based design framework towards reliable development of fragility curves and assessment of seismic risk. Considering “loss of containment” as the ultimate damage state, the proposed performance limits are quantified in terms of local quantities obtained from a simple and efficient earthquake analysis. Liquid storage tanks and the corresponding principal failure modes (elephant’s foot buckling, roof damage, base plate failure, anchorage failure and nozzle damage) are examined first. Subsequently, performance limits for piping systems are presented in terms of local strain at specific piping components (elbows, Tees and nozzles), against ultimate strain capacity (tensile and compressive) and low-cycle fatigue. Modeling issues for liquid storage tanks and piping systems are also discussed, for an efficient analysis that provides reliable estimates of local strain demand. These models are compared successfully with available experimental data. Using those reliable numerical models, the proposed performance limits are applied in two case studies: (a) a liquid storage tank and (b) a piping system, both located in areas of high seismicity.

Experimental and Numerical Investigations on Nozzle Reinforcements

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Wieschollek ◽  
Benno Hoffmeister ◽  
Markus Feldmann
Keyword(s):  
Failure Modes ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Transverse Load ◽  
Bottom Plate ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Seismic Behaviour ◽  
Numerical Investigations ◽  
Liquid Storage ◽  
Full Scale Tests

Pipes and nozzles attached to large liquid storage tanks can be susceptible to earthquake induced damages. Adequate design and detailing of shell nozzle reinforcements significantly improves their seismic performance. Damages to nozzles, often combined with elephant-foot-buckling, belong to the most frequent failure modes of large liquid storage tanks caused by earthquakes. The failure consequences depend very much on the liquid contents which may be hazardous; prevention of leakage is a crucial design and verification criteria. European and American standards provide detailed recommendations for structural dimensioning and detailing of shell nozzle reinforcements, however no reliable statements can be made to their seismic behaviour. This paper describes the results of six experimental tests on three typical types of shell nozzle reinforcements. These full scale tests were carried out in the range of ultra-low cycle fatigue for longitudinal and transverse load directions as they can be expected under seismic actions. Based on the evaluation of the test results appropriate FE-models were derived by which parametrical numerical investigations were conducted. Through these studies the influence of different parameters (e.g. thickness of shell plate, reinforcing plate, bottom plate etc.) on the seismic behaviour has been investigated. Finally recommendations for the dimensioning of nozzles reinforcements with particular attention to seismic resistance were developed.

Seismic Performance Evaluation of Liquid Storage Tanks Using Nonlinear Static Procedures

2018 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Bakalis ◽  
Athanasia K. Kazantzi ◽  
Dimitrios Vamvatsikos ◽  
Michalis Fragiadakis
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Performance ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Nonlinear Static Analysis ◽  
Elastic Response ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Limit States ◽  
Modes Of Failure ◽  
Liquid Storage ◽  
Nonlinear Static

A simplified approach is presented for the seismic performance assessment of liquid storage tanks. The proposed methodology relies on a nonlinear static analysis, in conjunction with suitable “strength ratio-ductility-period” relationships, to derive the associated structural demand for the desired range of seismic intensities. In the absence of available relationships that are deemed fit to represent the nonlinear-elastic response of liquid storage tanks, several incremental dynamic analyses are performed for variable post-yield hardening ratios and periods in order to form a set of data that enables the fitting of the response. Following the identification of common modes of failure such as elephant's foot buckling (EFB), base plate plastic rotation, and sloshing wave damage, the aforementioned relationships are employed to derive the 16%, 50%, and 84% percentiles for each of the respective response parameters. Fragility curves are extracted for the considered failure modes, taking special care to appropriately quantify both the median and the dispersion of capacity and demand. A comparison with the corresponding results of incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) reveals that the pushover approach offers a reasonable agreement for the majority of failure modes and limit states considered.

Comparison of Failure Modes of Piping Systems With Wall Thinning Subjected to In-Plane, Out-of-Plane, and Mixed Mode Bending Under Seismic Load: An Experimental Approach

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izumi Nakamura ◽  
Akihito Otani ◽  
Masaki Shiratori
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Behavior ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Seismic Load ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Shake Table ◽  
Shake Table Tests ◽  
Wall Thinning ◽  
Piping Systems ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Plane Bending

Pressurized piping systems used for an extended period may develop degradations such as wall thinning or cracks due to aging. It is important to estimate the effects of degradation on the dynamic behavior and to ascertain the failure modes and remaining strength of the piping systems with degradation through experiments and analyses to ensure the seismic safety of degraded piping systems under destructive seismic events. In order to investigate the influence of degradation on the dynamic behavior and failure modes of piping systems with local wall thinning, shake table tests using 3D piping system models were conducted. About 50% full circumferential wall thinning at elbows was considered in the test. Three types of models were used in the shake table tests. The difference of the models was the applied bending direction to the thinned-wall elbow. The bending direction considered in the tests was either of the in-plane bending, out-of-plane bending, or mixed bending of the in-plane and out-of-plane. These models were excited under the same input acceleration until failure occurred. Through these tests, the vibration characteristic and failure modes of the piping models with wall thinning under seismic load were obtained. The test results showed that the out-of-plane bending is not significant for a sound elbow, but should be considered for a thinned-wall elbow, because the life of the piping models with wall thinning subjected to out-of-plane bending may reduce significantly.

Comparison of Failure Modes of Piping Systems With Wall Thinning Subjected to In-Plane, Out-of-Plane and Mixed Mode Bending Under Seismic Load: Computational Approach

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Tsunoi ◽  
Akira Mikami ◽  
Izumi Nakamura ◽  
Akihito Otani ◽  
Masaki Shiratori
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Seismic Load ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Wall Thinning ◽  
Piping Systems ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Seismic Loadings ◽  
Local Wall Thinning

The authors have proposed an analytical model by which they can simulate the dynamic and failure behaviors of piping systems with local wall thinning against seismic loadings. In the previous paper [13], the authors have carried out a series of experimental investigations about dynamic and failure behaviors of the piping system with fully circumferential 50% wall thinning at an elbow or two elbows. In this paper these experiments have been simulated by using the above proposed analytical model and investigated to what extent they can catch the experimental behaviors by simulations.

Comparison of Failure Modes of Piping Systems With Wall Thinning Subjected to In-Plane, Out-of-Plane and Mixed Mode Bending Under Seismic Load: An Experimental Approach

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izumi Nakamura ◽  
Akihito Otani ◽  
Masaki Shiratori
Keyword(s):  
Failure Modes ◽  
Seismic Load ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Shake Table ◽  
Shake Table Tests ◽  
Wall Thinning ◽  
Piping Systems ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Plane Bending ◽  
The Difference

In order to investigate the influence of degradation on the dynamic behavior and failure modes of piping systems with local wall thinning, shake table tests using 3-D piping system models were conducted. About 50% full circumferential wall thinning at elbows was considered in the test. Three types of models were used in the shake table tests. The difference of the models was the applied bending direction to the thinned wall elbow. The bending direction considered in the tests was either of the in-plane bending, out-of-plane bending, or mixed bending of the in-plane and out-of-plane. These models were excited under the same input acceleration until failure occurred. Through these tests, the vibration characteristic and failure modes of piping models with wall thinning under seismic load were obtained. The test results showed that the out-of-plane bending is not significant for a sound elbow, but should be considered for a thinned wall elbow, because the life of piping models with wall thinning subjected to out-of-plane bending may reduce significantly.

Experimental studies of a typical sprinkler piping system in hospitals

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Zhen-Yu Lin ◽  
Fan-Ru Lin ◽  
Juin-Fu Chai ◽  
Kuo-Chun Chang
Keyword(s):  
Failure Modes ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Hysteresis Loops ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Shaking Table ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Improvement Strategy ◽  
Flexible Pipes ◽  
Piping Systems ◽  
Cyclic Loading Tests

Based on the issue of life safety and immediate needs of emergency medical services provided by hospitals after strong earthquakes, this paper aims to introduce a research programme on assessment and improvement strategies for a typical configuration of sprinkler piping systems in hospitals. The study involved component tests and subsystem tests. Cyclic loading tests were conducted to investigate the inelastic behaviour of components including concrete anchorages, screwed fittings of small-bore pipes and couplings. Parts of a horizontal piping system of a seismic damaged sprinkler piping system were tested using shaking table tests. Furthermore, horizontal piping subsystems with seismic resistant devices such as braces, flexible pipes and couplings were also tested. The test results showed that the main cause of damage was the poor capacity of a screwed fitting of the small-bore tee branch. The optimum improvement strategy to achieve a higher nonstructural performance level for the horizontal piping subsystem is to strengthen the main pipe with braces and decrease moment demands on the tee branch by the use of flexible pipes. The hysteresis loops and failure modes of components were further discussed and will be used to conduct numerical analysis of sprinkler piping systems in future studies.

Performance-Based Analysis of Coupled Support Structures and Piping Systems Subject to Seismic Loading

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oreste S. Bursi ◽  
Fabrizio Paolacci ◽  
Md Shahin Reza
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Design ◽  
Seismic Analysis ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Support Structures ◽  
Limit States ◽  
Piping Systems ◽  
Allowable Stress Design

The prevailing lack of proper and uniform seismic design guidelines for piping systems impels designers to follow standards conceived for other structures, such as buildings. The modern performance-based design approach is yet to be widely adopted for piping systems, while the allowable stress design method is still the customary practice. This paper presents a performance-based seismic analysis of petrochemical piping systems coupled with support structures through a case study. We start with a concept of performance-based analysis, followed by establishing a link between limit states and earthquake levels, exemplifying Eurocode and Italian prescriptions. A brief critical review on seismic design criteria of piping, including interactions between piping and support, is offered thereafter. Finally, to illustrate actual applications of the performance-based analysis, non-linear analyses on a realistic petrochemical piping system is performed to assess its seismic performance.

scholarly journals Nonlinear Seismic Correlation Analysis of the JNES/NUPEC Large-Scale Piping System Tests

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinsuo Nie ◽  
Giuliano DeGrassi ◽  
Charles H. Hofmayer ◽  
Syed A. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Plastic Behavior ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Highly Nonlinear ◽  
Piping Systems ◽  
The U.S

The Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization/Nuclear Power Engineering Corporation (JNES/NUPEC) large-scale piping test program has provided valuable new test data on high level seismic elasto-plastic behavior and failure modes for typical nuclear power plant piping systems. The component and piping system tests demonstrated the strain ratcheting behavior that is expected to occur when a pressurized pipe is subjected to cyclic seismic loading. Under a collaboration agreement between the U.S. and Japan on seismic issues, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)/ Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) performed a correlation analysis of the large-scale piping system tests using detailed state-of-the-art nonlinear finite element models. Techniques are introduced to develop material models that can closely match the test data. The shaking table motions are examined. The analytical results are assessed in terms of the overall system responses and the strain ratcheting behavior at an elbow. The paper concludes with the insights about the accuracy of the analytical methods for use in performance assessments of highly nonlinear piping systems under large seismic motions.

Limit States for Deepwater Flowlines and Risers: Review of the Research Activities at the Submarine Technology Laboratory/COPPE

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Estefen ◽  
T. A. Netto ◽  
I. P. Pasqualino
Keyword(s):  
Ultimate Strength ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Limit States ◽  
Collapse Pressure ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Structural Resistance ◽  
Buckle Arrestors

Research activities related to the limit states of flowlines and risers conducted at the Submarine Technology Laboratory / COPPE in cooperation with PETROBRAS are presented. The motivation for most of the research programs is associated with deepwater challenges arising from the rigid pipe installations at Campos Basin. Initially ultimate strength of intact pipes are investigated together with aspects related to residual strength, buckling propagation and buckle arrestors. Based on the experimental results numerical models have been correlated in order to be used to generate results for full scale steel pipes. Ultimate strength curves have been then produced as well as the analytical equation representative of these curves. Experimental tests of buckling propagation for small and large scale pipes have also been performed to obtain the bias factor for different equations proposed in the literature. Based on this study an equation for propagation pressure has been recommended. In addition, ring and cylinder buckle arrestors have been tested in order to propose an expression relating crossing over pressure with the arrestor geometries. An overview of the studies aiming at establishing the influence of the reeling method of installation on the failure modes of flowlines and steel catenary risers is presented. It is emphasized the influence of cross-section ovality and weld defect amplification due to plastic bending on collapse pressure and fatigue life, respectively. Finally, the development of a new concept of sandwich pipe for ultra deepwater, combining structural resistance and thermal insulation is discussed.

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