Development of Gas Turbine Steam-Injection Water Recovery (SIWR) System

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Nguyen ◽  
A. den Otter
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
High Water ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Gas Turbine Unit ◽  
Air Emission ◽  
Injection Water

This paper describes and discusses a “closed loop” steam injection water recovery (SIWR) cycle that was developed for steam injected gas turbine applications. This process is needed to support gas turbine steam injection especially in areas where water can not be wasted and complex water treatment is discouraged. The development of the SIWR was initiated by NOVA in an effort to reduce environmental impact of operating gas turbines and to find suitable solutions for its expanding gas transmission system to meet future air emission restrictions. While turbine steam injection provides many benefits, it has not been considered for remote, less supported environments such as gas transmission applications due to its high water consumption. The SIWR process can alleviate this problem regardless of the amount of injection required. The paper also covers conceptual designs of a prototype SIWR system on a small gas turbine unit. However, because of relatively high costs, it is generally believed that the system is more attractive to larger size turbines and especially when it is used in conjunction with co-generation or combined cycle applications.

Development of Gas Turbine Steam Injection Water Recovery (SIWR) System

1994 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Nguyen ◽  
A. den Otter
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
High Water ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Gas Turbine Unit ◽  
Air Emission ◽  
Injection Water

This paper describes and discusses a “closed-loop” steam injection water recovery (SIWR) cycle that was developed for steam-injected gas turbine applications. This process is needed to support gas turbine steam injection especially in areas where water cannot be wasted and complex water treatment is discouraged. The development of the SIWR was initiated by NOVA in an effort to reduce the environmental impact of operating gas turbines and to find suitable solutions for its expanding gas transmission system to meet future air emission restrictions. While turbine steam injection provides many benefits, it has not been considered for remote, less supported environments such as gas transmission applications due to its high water consumption. The SIWR process can alleviate this problem regardless of the amount of injection required. The paper also covers conceptual designs of a prototype SIWR system on a small gas turbine unit. However, because of relatively high costs, it is generally believed that the system is more attractive to larger size turbines and especially when it is used in conjunction with cogeneration or combined cycle applications.

Analysis of Efficiency and Water Recovery in Steam Injected Gas Turbines

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. De Paepe ◽  
E. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Point Temperature ◽  
Dew Point Temperature ◽  
Blade Cooling

The study presented in this paper has two objectives. The first objective is to analyse the efficiency of the steam injected gas turbine by modelling the thermodynamic cycle. This is done by adapting a calculation model for turbine blade cooling proposed by El Masri (1986). The expansion path is divided into small subintervals, to take into account the changing gas properties during the expansion. This model is then verified for four different industrial machines. The basic cycle as well as cycles with thermodynamic improvements as intercooling, heat recuperation by heat exchanger and blade cooling using steam are studied. The calculations are done for a range of pressure ratios (PR) and turbine inlet temperatures (TIT), with methane (CH4) as fuel being representative of natural gas. A comparison is made with a simple cycle gas turbine and with a combined cycle system. The maximum efficiency of the basic cycle is found to be around 49 % with current gas turbine technology. Steam blade cooling is extremely simple to implement in a steam injected gas turbine and is found to be thermodynamically very attractive, bringing the maximum efficiency to about 52 %. Secondly the water recuperation in the condenser is analysed. Due to the combustion of the fuel, water is formed. As a result, the dew point temperature of the combustion gas without steam injection can be rather high, i.e. around 45 °C. As a consequence, the amount of water corresponding to the injected steam can be recuperated by cooling the gas mixture to the original dew point temperature. Closing the cycle for water is in this case thermodynamically possible. The practical recuperation of water in the condenser is studied on a test rig with a simulated gas turbine augmented with a condenser and steam injection. This proves that complete recuperation of the injected water is technically possible. The conclusion of the study is that a steam injected gas turbine with complete water recuperation is possible and has a high efficiency.

scholarly journals A Test Rig for the Realization of Water Recovery in a Steam-Injected Gas Turbine

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueyou Wen ◽  
Jiguo Zou ◽  
Zheng Fu ◽  
Shikang Yu ◽  
Lingbo Li
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Design Point ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Demineralized Water ◽  
Spiral Plate ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbine

Steam-injected gas turbines have a multitude of advantages, but they suffer from the inability to recover precious demineralized water. The present paper describes the test conditions and results of steam injection along with an attempt to achieve water recovery, which were obtained through a series of tests conducted on a S1A-02 small-sized industrial gas turbine. A water recovery device incorporating a compact finned spiral plate cooling condenser equipped with filter screens has been designed for the said gas turbine and a 100% water recovery (based on the design point) was attained.

A Thermodynamic Analysis of Different Options to Break 60% Electric Efficiency in Combined Cycle Power Plants

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 770-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Chiesa ◽  
Ennio Macchi
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Thermodynamic Analysis ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Rotor Blades ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Large Size

All major manufacturers of large size gas turbines are developing new techniques aimed at achieving net electric efficiency higher than 60% in combined cycle applications. An essential factor for this goal is the effective cooling of the hottest rows of the gas turbine. The present work investigates three different approaches to this problem: (i) the most conventional open-loop air cooling; (ii) the closed-loop steam cooling for vanes and rotor blades; (iii) the use of two independent closed-loop circuits: steam for stator vanes and air for rotor blades. Reference is made uniquely to large size, single shaft units and performance is estimated through an updated release of the thermodynamic code GS, developed at the Energy Department of Politecnico di Milano. A detailed presentation of the calculation method is given in the paper. Although many aspects (such as reliability, capital cost, environmental issues) which can affect gas turbine design were neglected, thermodynamic analysis showed that efficiency higher than 61% can be achieved in the frame of current, available technology.

Study of Humid Air Gas Turbine System by Experiment and Analysis

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toru Takahashi ◽  
Yutaka Watanabe ◽  
Hidefumi Araki ◽  
Takashi Eta
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Cycle Performance ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Humid Air

Humid air gas turbine systems that are regenerative cycle using humidified air can achieve higher thermal efficiency than gas turbine combined cycle power plant (GTCC) even though they do not require a steam turbine, a high combustion temperature, or a high pressure ratio. In particular, the advanced humid air gas turbine (AHAT) system appears to be highly suitable for practical use because its composition is simpler than that of other systems. Moreover, the difference in thermal efficiency between AHAT and GTCC is greater for small and medium-size gas turbines. To verify the system concept and the cycle performance of the AHAT system, a 3MW-class pilot plant was constructed that consists of a gas turbine with a two-stage centrifugal compressor, a two-stage axial turbine, a reverse-flow-type single-can combustor, a recuperator, a humidification tower, a water recovery tower, and other components. As a result of an operation test, the planned power output of 3.6MW was achieved, so that it has been confirmed the feasibility of the AHAT as a power-generating system. In this study, running tests on the AHAT pilot plant is carried out over one year, and various characteristics such as the effect of changes in ambient temperature, part-load characteristics, and start-up characteristics were clarified by analyzing the data obtained from the running tests.

Cost Optimization of Water Recovery Systems for Steam Injected Gas Turbines

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Blanco ◽  
Lawrence L. Ambs
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Computer Models ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Capital Costs

Steam injection in gas turbines has been used for many years to increase the power output as well as the efficiency of the system and, more recently, to reduce the formation of NOx during the combustion. The major drawback in steam-injected gas turbine technology is the need of large amounts of fresh water that is eventually lost into the atmosphere along with the exhaust gases. Nowadays, fresh water is not readily available in many places due to either local water shortages or environmental legislation that protects water sources from depletion and pollution. In order to deal with water constraints, water recovery systems (WRS) to recuperate the injected steam from the exhaust gases and return it to the steam injection system can be implemented. In this project, computer models for two different WRS configurations have been developed and tested. The computer models allow finding the optimum size, power requirements and capital costs of the heat exchangers involved in a particular WRS configuration. The models can also simulate the performance of WRS during a given period of time, calculating the energy consumed by fans and pumps in the process. This paper explains the details of the computer models and illustrates, as an example, the results obtained when both WRS configurations are applied to the GE LM2500 gas turbine. These results support the technical and economic feasibility of steam recovery for medium-size steam-injected gas turbines.

A Thermodynamic Analysis of Different Options to Break 60% Electric Efficiency in Combined Cycle Power Plants

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Chiesa ◽  
Ennio Macchi
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Thermodynamic Analysis ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Rotor Blades ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Large Size

All major manufacturers of large size gas turbines are developing new techniques aimed at achieving net electric efficiency higher than 60% in combined cycle applications. An essential factor for this goal is the effective cooling of the hottest rows of the gas turbine. The present work investigates three different approaches to this problem: (i) the most conventional open-loop air cooling; (ii) the closed-loop steam cooling for vanes and rotor blades; (iii) the use of two independent closed-loop circuits: steam for stator vanes and air for rotor blades. Reference is made uniquely to large size, single shaft units and performance is estimated through an updated release of the thermodynamic code GS, developed at the Energy Dept. of Politecnico di Milano. A detailed presentation of the calculation method is given in the paper. Although many aspects (such as reliability, capital cost, environmental issues) which can affect gas turbine design were neglected, thermodynamic analysis showed that efficiency higher than 61% can be achieved in the frame of current, available technology.

Evaluation of Operational Performance of Gas Turbine Cogeneration Plants Using an Optimization Tool: OPS-Operation

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 831-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryohei Yokoyama ◽  
Koichi Ito
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Operational Performance ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Automatic Programming ◽  
Auxiliary Equipment ◽  
Operational Strategies

To attain the highest performance of gas turbine cogeneration plants, it is necessary to rationally select the numbers and capacities of gas turbines and auxiliary equipment in consideration of their operational strategies corresponding to energy demands which change with season and time. It is also important to rationally select the options such as the variable heat to power by the steam injection or combined cycle, and the inlet air cooling by the ice storage combined with electric compression refrigeration or steam absorption refrigeration. The evaluation of the effects of these alternatives on the performance is an important work for designers. However, it takes much time to conduct the work thoroughly. The authors have developed an optimization tool named “OPS-Operation” to assess the operational strategies for given configurations and specifications of energy supply plants. This tool has a user-friendly interface for the functions of data registration, graphical flowsheet editing, automatic programming and optimization calculation, and graphical representation of results. In this paper, the effects of the aforementioned alternatives on the operational performance of gas turbine cogeneration plants are evaluated using the optimization tool in terms of many criteria including operational cost, energy consumption, and CO2 emission. It is demonstrated that the tool is very effective to evaluate the performance rationally, flexibly, and easily.

Genetic Optimization of Steam Injected Gas Turbine Power Plants

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Sinan Akmandor ◽  
O¨zhan O¨ksu¨z ◽  
Sec¸kin Go¨kaltun ◽  
Melih Han Bilgin
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Compressor Pressure Ratio

A new methodology is developed to find the optimal steam injection levels in simple and combined cycle gas turbine power plants. When steam injection process is being applied to simple cycle gas turbines, it is shown to offer many benefits, including increased power output and efficiency as well as reduced exhaust emissions. For combined cycle power plants, steam injection in the gas turbine, significantly decreases the amount of flow and energy through the steam turbine and the overall power output of the combined cycle is decreased. This study focuses on finding the maximum power output and efficiency of steam injected simple and combined cycle gas turbines. For that purpose, the thermodynamic cycle analysis and a genetic algorithm are linked within an automated design loop. The multi-parameter objective function is either based on the power output or on the overall thermal efficiency. NOx levels have also been taken into account in a third objective function denoted as steam injection effectiveness. The calculations are done for a wide range of parameters such as compressor pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature, air and steam mass flow rates. Firstly, 6 widely used simple and combined cycle power plants performance are used as test cases for thermodynamic cycle validation. Secondly, gas turbine main parameters are modified to yield the maximum generator power and thermal efficiency. Finally, the effects of uniform crossover, creep mutation, different random number seeds, population size and the number of children per pair of parents on the performance of the genetic algorithm are studied. Parametric analyses show that application of high turbine inlet temperature, high air mass flow rate and no steam injection lead to high power and high combined cycle thermal efficiency. On the contrary, when NOx reduction is desired, steam injection is necessary. For simple cycle, almost full amount of steam injection is required to increase power and efficiency as well as to reduce NOx. Moreover, it is found that the compressor pressure ratio for high power output is significantly lower than the compressor pressure ratio that drives the high thermal efficiency.

Evaluation of Operational Performance of Gas Turbine Cogeneration Plants Using an Optimization Tool: OPS-Operation

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryohei Yokoyama ◽  
Koichi Ito
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Operational Performance ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Automatic Programming ◽  
Auxiliary Equipment ◽  
Operational Strategies

To attain the highest performance of gas turbine cogeneration plants, it is necessary to rationally select the numbers and capacities of gas turbines and auxiliary equipment in consideration of their operational strategies corresponding to energy demands which change with season and time. It is also important to rationally select the options such as the variable heat to power by the steam injection or combined cycle, and the inlet air cooling by the ice storage combined with electric compression refrigeration or steam absorption refrigeration. The evaluation of the effects of these alternatives on the performance is an important work for designers. However, it takes much time to conduct the work thoroughly. The authors have developed an optimization tool named “OPS-Operation” to assess the operational strategies for given configurations and specifications of energy supply plants. This tool has a user-friendly interface for the functions of data registration, graphical flowsheet editing, automatic programming and optimization calculation, and graphical representation of results. In this paper, the effects of the aforementioned alternatives on the operational performance of gas turbine cogeneration plants are evaluated using the optimization tool in terms of many criteria including operational cost, energy consumption, and CO2 emission. It is demonstrated that the tool is very effective to evaluate the performance rationally, flexibly, and easily.

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