Chlorine Dioxide: An Effective Biocide for Recycled or Reused Water Systems

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Synan
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
The Many

The desire and indeed the need of industry to recycle or reuse process waters wherever possible is becoming increasingly more urgent. Limited supplies of quality water in many parts of the country and more stringent EPA regulations for waste disposal and water discharge are but two of the many reasons for this. Paper published with permission.

Chlorine dioxide as an alternative antifouling biocide for cooling water systems: Toxicity to larval barnacle Amphibalanus reticulatus (Utinomi)

2017 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 803-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinivas Venkatnarayanan ◽  
P. Sriyutha Murthy ◽  
Ramalingam Kirubagaran ◽  
Vayalam P. Venugopalan
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Water Systems

Inactivation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus by a Medical Waste Disposal Process Using Chlorine Dioxide

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 527-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Wesley Farr ◽  
Cheryl Walton
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Medical Waste ◽  
Medical Supplies ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

AbstractObjective:To study the ability of a medical waste disposal process using chlorine dioxide to inactivate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV 1).Design:Stock HIV-1 (HTLV-IIIB strain) was treated with chlorine dioxide under the following settings: cell culture medium alone, culture medium with 25% blood, culture medium with medical supplies treated by the Condor machine (Winfield Environmental Corp., Escondido, CA). MT-2 cells in 96-well tissue culture plates were inoculated with serial tenfold dilutions of treated and untreated HIV-1. Cytopathic effect was read on day five, and the TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose) was calculated.Results:Treatment of HIV-1 with chlorine dioxide in culture medium alone resulted in a 5.25 log10 reduction in TCID50. Treatment of HIV-1 with chlorine dioxide in the presence of 25% blood caused a 6.25 log10 reduction in HIV-1 infectivity Treatment of HIV-1 with chlorine dioxide in the presence of medical supplies treated in the Condor machine resulted in a 4.75 log10 reduction in HIV infectivity.Conclusions:Chlorine dioxide inactivated HIV-1 in vitro. Chlorine dioxide inactivated HIV-1 in the presence of blood and in the presence of medical supplies under conditions that simulated the conditions existing in the Condor machine.

scholarly journals Comparison of disinfectants for biofilm, protozoa and Legionella control

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Loret ◽  
S. Robert ◽  
V. Thomas ◽  
Y. Lévi ◽  
A. J. Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Continuous Application ◽  
Simulation Unit ◽  
Equivalent Conditions ◽  
Domestic Water Supply ◽  
Initial Contamination

The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of different disinfectants applicable to Legionella control in domestic water systems. A domestic water supply simulation unit that allowed simulation of real-world conditions was developed for this purpose. The system, consisting of seven identical rigs, was used to compare treatment efficiency under equivalent conditions of system design, materials, hydraulics, water quality, temperature and initial contamination. During the study, each of six loops received continuous application of one of the following disinfectants: chlorine, electro-chlorination, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, ozone, or copper/silver. The seventh loop was used as a control and remained untreated. Performance evaluation of these disinfectants was based on their ability to reduce not only Legionella, but also protozoa and biofilms, which contribute to the establishment and dissemination of these bacteria in water systems, and their resistance to treatments. Regarding these criteria, chlorine dioxide and chlorine (as bleach or obtained by electro-chlorination) were the most effective treatments in this study. However, in comparison with chlorine, chlorine dioxide showed a longer residual activity in the system, which constituted an advantage in the perspective of an application to extensive pipework systems.

scholarly journals High-frequency monitoring reveals nutrient sources and transport processes in an agriculture-dominated lowland water system

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 8337-8380 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. van der Grift ◽  
H. P. Broers ◽  
W. L. Berendrecht ◽  
J. C. Rozemeijer ◽  
L. A. Osté ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Nutrient Sources ◽  
Pumping Station ◽  
Frequency Monitoring

Abstract. Many agriculture-dominated lowland water systems worldwide suffer from eutrophication caused by high nutrient loads. Insight in the hydrochemical functioning of embanked polder catchments is highly relevant for improving the water quality in such areas. This paper introduces new insights in nutrient sources and transport processes in a low elevated polder in the Netherlands using high-frequency monitoring technology at the outlet, where the water is pumped into a higher situated lake, combined with a low-frequency water quality monitoring program at six locations within the drainage area. Seasonal trends and short scale temporal dynamics in concentrations indicated that the NO3 concentration at the pumping station originated from N-loss from agricultural lands. The NO3 loads appear as losses with drain water discharge after intensive rainfall events during the winter months due to preferential flow through the cracked clay soil. Transfer function-noise modelling of hourly NO3 concentrations reveals that a large part of the dynamics in NO3 concentrations during the winter months can be related to rainfall. The total phosphorus (TP) concentration almost doubled during operation of the pumping station which points to resuspension of particulate P from channel bed sediments induced by changes in water flow due to pumping. Rainfall events that caused peaks in NO3 concentrations did not results in TP concentration peaks. The by rainfall induced and NO3 enriched quick interflow, may also be enriched in TP but this is then buffered in the water system due to sedimentation of particulate P. Increased TP concentrations associated with run-off events is only observed during a rainfall event at the end of a freeze–thaw cycle. All these observations suggest that the P retention potential of polder water systems is highly due to the artificial pumping regime that buffers high flows. As the TP concentration is affected by operation of the pumping station, timing of sampling relative to the operating hours of the pumping station should be accounted for when calculating P export loads, determining trends in water quality or when judging water quality status of polder water systems.

Changing of the water recycling paradigm in Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-618
Author(s):  
M. H. Muston
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
International Context ◽  
Institutional Frameworks ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
The Many

The development of water recycling schemes in Australia has, in recent years, undergone a maturity characterised by some emerging trends in the paradigm of water reuse and its integration into the overall water supply strategies for large urban and peri-urban areas. This paper looks at case studies within the context of these observed trends and discusses the institutional frameworks as well as some technical aspects of the case studies to illustrate the trends. Comparison is made with some selected international examples to develop a better understanding of these recent Australian developments within the international context. While not a complete inventory of the many recent recycling schemes in Australia, the paper examines these emerging trends within the context of the growing number of larger-scale industrial, agricultural and dual reticulation urban recycled water systems in Australia and the trend to decentralised recycling schemes.

scholarly journals Effect of ClO2 on the distribution of Legionella pneumophila serogroups in a Teaching Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Vincenti ◽  
D I La Milia ◽  
F Boninti ◽  
E Marchetti ◽  
M Wachocka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
High Increase ◽  
Percentage Decrease

Abstract The prevention of Legionella colonization of water systems is one of the goals of hospital management. Among chemical disinfection methods, chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has been largely used to control Legionella in water systems. We analysed the distribution of Legionella pneumophila serogroups (sg) and Legionella other spp before (PRE) and after (POST) installation of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) continuous disinfection systems in a Teaching Hospital in Rome. According to the Italian National Guidelines, our surveillance plan involved a systematic sampling of the water system. The sampling was performed from Jan. 2010 to Dec. 2019. From 2011 to 2019, ClO2 continuous disinfection systems were installed in all hot water system of the hospital, and maintained at a concentration of 0.25 mg/l at the end point. The isolated strains of Legionella were first serotyped using a kit that identifies sg1, other species and that discriminate sg from 2 to 15. 1505 hot water samples were collected from the Hospital and analysed. 363 samples are PRE and 1142 are POST activation of ClO2. Only the 16.74% of monitored sampling points were colonized by Legionella during the study period. This percentage decrease from 31.40% of PRE samples, to 12.08% of POST samples (p ≤ 0.000). The sg isolated were: sg3 (60.31%), sg8 (17.12%), sg1 (16.73%), sg6 (1.95%) and other species (3.89%). Comparing the distribution of sg between the PRE and POST samples, the sg8 showed a high increase (+136.84%) and the sg3 a slight decrease (-17.94%). These variations were statistically significative. The results showed a predominance of Legionella pneumophila sg3, compared to what was observed in a multicenter study conducted between different hospitals of various regions of Italy, where sg6 was the major isolate. The ClO2 affect the distribution of sg, in particular for sg8. This interesting result will be further investigated. Key messages Our data deriving from an environmental monitoring plan, show that the ClO2 affects the distribution of Legionella’s serogroups. The ClO2 reduces the percentage of samples colonized by Legionella. The ClO2 reduces the percentage of samples colonized by Legionella.

Case Histories

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Tammemagi
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Secondary Markets ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Landfills ◽  
Materials Recycling ◽  
The Many ◽  
The City

Theory is fine, but practical experience is the heart of real learning. This chapter provides—as much as a book can—some real-life experience through seven case histories of how wastes are managed. The case histories describe a state-of-the-art materials recycling facility, five waste disposal facilities in three different countries (the United States, Canada, and Sweden), and a large mass-burn incinerator. Choosing which of the many thousands of landfills in existence to include was a difficult task. Three municipal solid waste landfills are described. The first, Fresh Kills landfill in New York City, was constructed in 1948 and represents older landfill technology. The second, a new landfill in East Carbon County, Utah, was built in 1992 and incorporates the latest engineered barriers and features of a modern landfill. The third is being developed in a large, abandoned open-pit mine in California. In addition, we discuss a landfill and treatment center for hazardous waste, located in Swan Hills, Alberta. A unique Swedish facility for disposing radioactive wastes rounds out the suite of landfill case histories; this facility takes a very innovative approach to waste disposal and is included to provide a different perspective on this topic. Materials recovery facilities (MRFs) are the vital heart of modern integrated municipal waste management systems. Without MRFs, recycling on any practical scale would not be possible; it is here that recyclable materials are collected and made ready for sale to secondary markets. One of the most innovative recycle centers in North America has recently been constructed in the city of Guelph in southern Ontario (Guelph, n,d.). It offers good insight into what can be achieved through recycling, and the equipment that is involved. The city of Guelph, with a population of 95,000, is situated about 60 kilometers west of Toronto. In the mid-1980s, the city began studying ways to reduce the amount of waste being placed in its landfill. These studies received a major impetus in 1991, when the province of Ontario developed a waste reduction plan that required municipalities to reduce the amount of garbage being placed in landfills by 50% by the year 2000. A number of pilot studies were conducted before the present approach was selected.

Success of Complete Zero Oil/Gas Flaring and High Quality Water Discharge to Sea on Barge - Complete Achievement of HSE Guidelines

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kikuchi Shuichi ◽  
A.F. Abu Sharkh ◽  
R. Manabe ◽  
Saito Teiji ◽  
Hassan I. Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Water Discharge ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Gas Flaring ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Oil Gas
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