316L Stainless Steel Sensitization in Carbon Nanotube CVD Growth for Bacterial Resistance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sterling Voss ◽  
Bret Mecham ◽  
Lucy Bowden ◽  
Jacquelyn Monroe ◽  
Anton E. Bowden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Chromium Carbide ◽  
316L Stainless Steel ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Carbide Formation ◽  
Biofilm Growth ◽  
The Matrix

Abstract Physically altering the micro-topography of a surface can dramatically affect its capacity to support or prevent biofilm growth. Growing carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotubes on biomedical materials is one such approach which has proven effective. Unfortunately, the high temperature and carbon-rich gas exposure required for this procedure has proven to have deleterious effects. This paper proposes a kinetic model to explain the rusting phenomenon observed on 316L stainless steel substrates which have undergone the chemical vapor deposition process to grow carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotubes. The model is derived from Fick’s Second Law, and predicts the growth of chromium carbide as a function of temperature and time. Chromium carbide formation is shown to be the mechanism of corrosion, as chromium atoms are leeched from the the matrix, preventing the formation of a passivating chromium oxide layer in place of problematic iron oxide (rust) formation. The model is validated using experimental methods, which involve immersion in bacteria culture, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).

Optimization of Chemical Vapor Deposition Process for Carbon Nanotubes Growth on Stainless Steel: Towards Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

MRS Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 363-368
Author(s):  
Haojie Zhang ◽  
Juliana Martins de Souza e Silva ◽  
Cristine Santos de Oliveira ◽  
Xubin Lu ◽  
Stefan L. Schweizer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Chemical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Hydrogen Evolution ◽  
Hydrogen Evolution Reaction ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Pressure Chemical ◽  
Novel Strategy

ABSTRACTWe report a novel strategy to render stainless steel (SS) a more versatile material that is suitable to be used as the substrate for preparing electrodes for efficient hydrogen evolution by interface engineering. Our strategy involves the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) as the interface material on the surface of SS. We optimized the procedure to prepare CNTs/SS and demonstrate a higher activity of the CNTs/SS prepared at 700 °C for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) when compared to samples prepared at other temperatures. This can be attributed to the higher number of defects and the higher content of pyrrolic N obtained at this temperature. Our strategy offers a new approach to employ SS as a substrate for the preparation of highly efficient electrodes and has the potential to be widely used in electrochemistry.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Process Parameter Influence in Laser Cladding of 316L Stainless Steel

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piera Alvarez ◽  
M. Montealegre ◽  
Jose Pulido-Jiménez ◽  
Jon Arrizubieta
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Laser Cladding ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
316L Stainless Steel ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Process Parameter ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Processing Times ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies

Laser Cladding is one of the leading processes within Additive Manufacturing technologies, which has concentrated a considerable amount of effort on its development. In regard to the latter, the current study aims to summarize the influence of the most relevant process parameters in the laser cladding processing of single and compound volumes (solid forms) made from AISI 316L stainless steel powders and using a coaxial nozzle for their deposition. Process speed, applied laser power and powder flow are considered to be the main variables affecting the laser cladding in single clads, whereas overlap percentage and overlapping strategy also become relevant when dealing with multiple clads. By setting appropriate values for each process parameter, the main goal of this paper is to develop a processing window in which a good metallurgical bond between the delivered powder and the substrate is obtained, trying simultaneously to maintain processing times at their lowest value possible. Conventional metallography techniques were performed on the cross sections of the laser tracks to measure the effective dimensions of clads, height and width, as well as the resulting dilution value. Besides the influence of the overlap between contiguous clads and layers, physical defects such as porosity and cracks were also evaluated. Optimum process parameters to maximize productivity were defined as 13 mm/s, 2500 W, 30% of overlap and a 25 g/min powder feed rate.

Fabrication and electrochemical characterization of super-capacitor based on three-dimensional composite structure of graphene and a vertical array of carbon nanotubes

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (22) ◽  
pp. 3039-3044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Choi ◽  
Eui-Hyeok Yang ◽  
Waqas Gill ◽  
Aaron Berndt ◽  
Jung-Rae Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Composite Structure ◽  
Graphene Layer ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Silicon Substrates ◽  
Vertical Array ◽  
Pressure Chemical

We have demonstrated a three-dimensional composite structure of graphene and carbon nanotubes as electrodes for super-capacitors. The goal of this study is to fabricate and test the vertically grown carbon nanotubes on the graphene layer acting as a spacer to avoid self-aggregation of the graphene layers while realizing high active surface area for high energy density, specific capacitance, and power density. A vertical array of carbon nanotubes on silicon substrates was grown by a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition process using anodized aluminum oxide nanoporous template fabricated on silicon substrates. Subsequently, a graphene layer was grown by another low-pressure chemical vapor deposition process on top of a vertical array of carbon nanotubes. The Raman spectra confirmed the successful growth of carbon nanotubes followed by the growth of high-quality graphene. The average measured capacitance of the three-dimensional composite structure of graphene-carbon nanotube was 780 µFcm−2 at 100 mVs−1.

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