Hydrous Ethanol Steam Reforming and Thermochemical Recuperation to Improve Dual-Fuel Diesel Engine Emissions and Efficiency

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey T. Hwang ◽  
Seamus P. Kane ◽  
William F. Northrop
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Ethanol Steam Reforming ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Secondary Fuel ◽  
Hydrous Ethanol ◽  
Ethanol Steam

Dual-fuel strategies can enable replacement of diesel fuel with low reactivity biofuels like hydrous ethanol. Our previous work has shown that dual-fuel strategies using port injection of hydrous ethanol can replace up to 60% of diesel fuel on an energy basis. However, they yield negligible benefits in NOx emissions, soot emissions, and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) over conventional single fuel diesel operation. Pretreatment of hydrous ethanol through steam reforming before mixing with intake air offers the potential to both increase BTE and decrease soot and NOx emissions. Steam reforming can upgrade the heating value of the secondary fuel through thermochemical recuperation (TCR) and produces inert gases to act as a diluent similar to exhaust gas recirculation. This study experimentally investigated a novel thermally integrated steam reforming reactor that uses sensible and chemical energy in the exhaust to provide the necessary heat for hydrous ethanol steam reforming. An off-highway diesel engine was operated at three speed and load settings with varying hydrous ethanol flow rates reaching fumigant energy fractions of up to 70%. The engine achieved soot reductions of close to 90% and minor NOx reductions; however, carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon emissions increased. A first law energy balance using the experimental data shows that efficient TCR effectively upgraded the heating value of the secondary fuel. Overall, hydrous ethanol steam reforming using TCR can lead to 23% increase in fuel heating value at 100% conversion, a limit approached in the conducted experiments.

Hydrous Ethanol Steam Reforming and Thermochemical Recuperation to Improve Dual-Fuel Diesel Engine Emissions and Efficiency

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey T. Hwang ◽  
Seamus P. Kane ◽  
William F. Northrop
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Ethanol Steam Reforming ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Secondary Fuel ◽  
Hydrous Ethanol ◽  
Ethanol Steam

Dual-fuel strategies can enable replacement of diesel fuel with low reactivity biofuels like hydrous ethanol. Previous work has shown that dual-fuel strategies using port injection of hydrous ethanol can replace up to 60% of diesel fuel on an energy basis. However, they yield negligible benefits in NOX emissions, soot emissions, and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) over conventional single fuel diesel operation. Pretreatment of hydrous ethanol through steam reforming before mixing with intake air offers the potential to both increase BTE and decrease soot and NOX emissions. Steam reforming can upgrade the heating value of the secondary fuel through thermochemical recuperation (TCR) and produces inert gases to act as a diluent similar to exhaust gas recirculation. This study experimentally investigated a novel thermally integrated steam reforming TCR reactor that uses sensible and chemical energy in the exhaust to provide the necessary heat for hydrous ethanol steam reforming. An off-highway diesel engine was operated at three speed and load settings with varying hydrous ethanol flow rates reaching fumigant energy fractions of up to 70%. The engine achieved soot reductions of close to 90% and minor NOX reductions; however, carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon emissions increased. A first law energy balance using the experimental data shows that the developed TCR system effectively upgraded the heating value of the secondary fuel. Overall, hydrous ethanol steam reforming using TCR can lead to 23% increase in fuel heating value at 100% conversion, a limit approached in the conducted experiments.

scholarly journals A Research on the Performance, Emission and Combustion Parameters of the Hydrogen and Biogas Dual Fuel Engine

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-136
Author(s):  
Avinash MUTLURI ◽  
Radha Krishna GOPIDESI ◽  
Srinivas Viswanath VALETI
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Gaseous Fuel ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Brake Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Secondary Fuel ◽  
Pilot Fuel ◽  
Inlet Manifold

In the present research a diesel engine has been converted to dual fuel mode, injecting hydrogen and biogas as secondary fuel and the tests were conducted in dual fuel mode to evaluate the performance, emissions and combustion parameters of the engine. Diesel as a pilot fuel, hydrogen and biogas as a secondary fuel were injected from the inlet manifold. The hydrogen and the biogas which is a gaseous fuel were injected at 5 liters per minute (lpm) and the tests were conducted separately. From these tests, it was noted that there is an enhancement of 27.28% in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and increment of 10.70% in NOX emissions for diesel with 5 lpm hydrogen compared with diesel fuel under single fuel mode. Also, it was noted that the reduction in BTE was around 36.50% and NOX emissions about 15.68 % for diesel with 5 lpm biogas when compared with diesel fuel under single fuel mode.

scholarly journals Investigation of Effect on Environmental Performance of Using LNG as Fuel for Engines in Seaport Tugboats

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Sergejus Lebedevas ◽  
Lukas Norkevičius ◽  
Peilin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
The Baltic

Decarbonization of ship power plants and reduction of harmful emissions has become a priority in the technological development of maritime transport, including ships operating in seaports. Engines fueled by diesel without using secondary emission reduction technologies cannot meet MARPOL 73/78 Tier III regulations. The MEPC.203 (62) EEDI directive of the IMO also stipulates a standard for CO2 emissions. This study presents the results of research on ecological parameters when a CAT 3516C diesel engine is replaced by a dual-fuel (diesel-liquefied natural gas) powered Wartsila 9L20DF engine on an existing seaport tugboat. CO2, SO2 and NOx emission reductions were estimated using data from the actual engine load cycle, the fuel consumption of the KLASCO-3 tugboat, and engine-prototype experimental data. Emission analysis was performed to verify the efficiency of the dual-fuel engine in reducing CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions of seaport tugboats. The study found that replacing a diesel engine with a dual-fuel-powered engine led to a reduction in annual emissions of 10% for CO2, 91% for SO2, and 65% for NOx. Based on today’s fuel price market data an economic impact assessment was conducted based on the estimated annual fuel consumption of the existing KLASCO-3 seaport tugboat when a diesel-powered engine is replaced by a dual-fuel (diesel-natural gas)-powered engine. The study showed that a 33% fuel costs savings can be achieved each year. Based on the approved methodology, an ecological impact assessment was conducted for the entire fleet of tugboats operating in the Baltic Sea ports if the fuel type was changed from diesel to natural gas. The results of the assessment showed that replacing diesel fuel with natural gas achieved 78% environmental impact in terms of NOx emissions according to MARPOL 73/78 Tier III regulations. The research concludes that new-generation engines on the market powered by environmentally friendly fuels such as LNG can modernise a large number of existing seaport tugboats, significantly reducing their emissions in ECA regions such as the Baltic Sea.

scholarly journals Effect of Asymmetric Membrane Structure on Hydrogen Transport Resistance and Performance of a Catalytic Membrane Reactor for Ethanol Steam Reforming

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 332
Author(s):  
Ludmilla Bobrova ◽  
Nikita Eremeev ◽  
Nadezhda Vernikovskaya ◽  
Vladislav Sadykov ◽  
Oleg Smorygo
Keyword(s):  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Hydrogen Permeation ◽  
Ethanol Steam Reforming ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Catalytic Membrane ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Asymmetric Membrane ◽  
Supported Membrane ◽  
Ethanol Steam

The performance of catalytic membrane reactors (CMRs) depends on the specific details of interactions at different levels between catalytic and separation parts. A clear understanding of decisive factors affecting their operational parameters can be provided via mathematical simulations. In the present paper, main results of numerical studies of ethanol steam reforming, followed by downstream hydrogen permeation through an asymmetric supported membrane, are reported. The membrane module consists of a thin selective layer supported on a substrate with graded porous structure. One-dimensional isothermal reaction–transport model for the CMR has been developed, and its validation has been carried out by using performance data from a lab-scale reactor with a disk-shaped membrane. Simulations demonstrate the model’s capabilities to analyze local concentrations gradients, as required to provide accurate estimates of the relationship between structure–property–performance. It was shown that transport properties of multilayer asymmetric membranes are highly related to the structural properties of each single layer.

scholarly journals Effects of LHSV and Reaction Temperature upon Ethanol-Steam-Reforming Performance

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (787) ◽  
pp. 415-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshio SHINOKI ◽  
Tsuyoshi MAEDA ◽  
Jiro FUNAKI ◽  
Katsuya HIRATA
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Ethanol Steam Reforming ◽  
Ethanol Steam

A phenomenological combustion analysis of a dual-fuel natural-gas diesel engine

2016 ◽  
Vol 231 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuonan Xu ◽  
David Anderson ◽  
Mark Hoffman ◽  
Robert Prucka ◽  
Zoran Filipi
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Engine System ◽  
Wiebe Function

Energy security concerns and an abundant supply of natural gas in the USA provide the impetus for engine designers to consider alternative gaseous fuels in the existing engines. The dual-fuel natural-gas diesel engine concept is attractive because of the minimal design changes, the ability to preserve a high compression ratio of the baseline diesel, and the lack of range anxiety. However, the increased complexity of a dual-fuel engine poses challenges, including the knock limit at a high load, the combustion instability at a low load, and the transient response of an engine with directly injected diesel fuel and port fuel injection of compressed natural gas upstream of the intake manifold. Predictive simulations of the complete engine system are an invaluable tool for investigations of these conditions and development of dual-fuel control strategies. This paper presents the development of a phenomenological combustion model of a heavy-duty dual-fuel engine, aided by insights from experimental data. Heat release analysis is carried out first, using the cylinder pressure data acquired with both diesel-only and dual-fuel (diesel and natural gas) combustion over a wide operating range. A diesel injection timing correlation based on the injector solenoid valve pulse widths is developed, enabling the diesel fuel start of injection to be detected without extra sensors on the fuel injection cam. The experimental heat release trends are obtained with a hybrid triple-Wiebe function for both diesel-only operation and dual-fuel operation. The ignition delay period of dual-fuel operation is examined and estimated with a predictive correlation using the concept of a pseudo-diesel equivalence ratio. A four-stage combustion mechanism is discussed, and it is shown that a triple-Wiebe function has the ability to represent all stages of dual-fuel combustion. This creates a critical building block for modeling a heavy-duty dual-fuel turbocharged engine system.

Hydrogen Production from Ethanol Steam Reforming: Fixed Bed Reactor Design

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Giunta ◽  
Norma Amadeo ◽  
Miguel Laborde
Keyword(s):  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Multicomponent Mixture ◽  
Plug Flow ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Ethanol Steam Reforming ◽  
Heterogeneous Model ◽  
Ethanol Steam ◽  
Hydrogen Stream

The aim of this work is to design an ethanol steam reformer to produce a hydrogen stream capable of feeding a 60 kW PEM fuel cell applying the plug flow model, considering the presence of the catalyst bed (heterogeneous model). The Dusty-Gas Model is employed for the catalyst, since it better predicts the fluxes of a multicomponent mixture. Moreover, this model has shown to be computationally more robust than the Fickian Model. A power law-type kinetics was used. Results showed that it is possible to carry out the ethanol steam reforming in a compact device (1.66 x 10 -5 to 5.27 x 10 -5 m3). It was also observed that this process is determined by heat transfer.

H2-production from CO2-assisted ethanol steam reforming: The regeneration of Ni-based catalysts

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (15) ◽  
pp. 5256-5263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukasz Bednarczuk ◽  
Pilar Ramírez de la Piscina ◽  
Narcís Homs
Keyword(s):  
Steam Reforming ◽  
H2 Production ◽  
Ethanol Steam Reforming ◽  
Ethanol Steam
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