Identification of the Best Possible Configuration of the Shoulder Strap of a Three-Point Restraint for Motor Coach Occupant Rollover Protection

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrashekhar K. Thorbole ◽  
David A. Renfroe ◽  
Hamid M. Lankarani
Keyword(s):  
Seat Belt ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
The United States ◽  
Computational Technique ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Roll Rate ◽  
Occupant Injury ◽  
Occupant Injuries ◽  
Serious Injuries ◽  
The Impact

The motor coach is an essential element of the mass transportation system in the United States and all around the globe. Rollover accidents associated with any motor coach without an adequate occupant protection system may result in serious or fatal occupant injuries. The seat belt is an essential safety device in protecting an occupant in a rollover accident. It has been observed that just a quarter roll of a bus results in fatal injuries to an unbelted occupant. This severe nature of occupant injury in a less severe bus roll is attributable to the large flying distance within the unpadded interior and the impact with other fellow occupants. In this situation the presence of a seat belt is mandatory to protect the occupants from serious injuries by preventing their ejection from their seats. The three-point restraint is the best possible solution for the motor coach seat belt requirement. The understanding of shoulder strap placement with respect to the occupant is important information. This information facilitates the best possible seat belt configuration for all occupants which will minimize the slippage of the shoulder strap during a rollover accident. The slipping of the shoulder strap is a function of rollover type, rollover direction, roll rate and the occupant location in a vehicle with respect to roll direction. A Finite Element bus model is used to conduct a trip rollover simulation at two different trip velocities. The motion file, as obtained from this simulation, is used to prescribe motion to a MADYMO facet bus model. The standard Hybrid III 50th percentile ATD (Anthropomorphic Test Device) is used to model all the belted occupants. The FE belt model is used to facilitate the simulation of slippage on the shoulder. This study demonstrates the best possible configuration of the three-point restraints for motor coach occupants in a rollover accident using the computational technique. Knowledge of this kind will help the industry to identify and implement seat belts with the best configuration for occupant rollover protection.

Effects of Lumbar Spine Assemblies and Body-Borne Equipment Mass on Anthropomorphic Test Device Responses During Drop Tests

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Aggromito ◽  
Mark Jaffrey ◽  
Allen Chhor ◽  
Bernard Chen ◽  
Wenyi Yan
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Federal Aviation Administration ◽  
Relative Displacement ◽  
Drop Tower ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Drop Tests ◽  
Occupant Injury ◽  
Maximum Relative Displacement ◽  
The Impact

When simulating or conducting land mine blast tests on armored vehicles to assess potential occupant injury, the preference is to use the Hybrid III anthropomorphic test device (ATD). In land blast events, neither the effect of body-borne equipment (BBE) on the ATD response nor the dynamic response index (DRI) is well understood. An experimental study was carried out using a drop tower test rig, with a rigid seat mounted on a carriage table undergoing average accelerations of 161 g and 232 g over 3 ms. A key aspect of the work looked at the various lumbar spine assemblies available for a Hybrid III ATD. These can result in different load cell orientations for the ATD which in turn can affect the load measurement in the vertical and horizontal planes. Thirty-two tests were carried out using two BBE mass conditions and three variations of ATDs. The latter were the Hybrid III with the curved (conventional) spine, the Hybrid III with the pedestrian (straight) spine, and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Hybrid III which also has a straight spine. The results showed that the straight lumbar spine assemblies produced similar ATD responses in drop tower tests using a rigid seat. In contrast, the curved lumbar spine assembly generated a lower pelvis acceleration and a higher lumbar load than the straight lumbar spine assemblies. The maximum relative displacement of the lumbar spine occurred after the peak loading event, suggesting that the DRI is not suitable for assessing injury when the impact duration is short and an ATD is seated on a rigid seat on a drop tower. The peak vertical lumbar loads did not change with increasing BBE mass because the equipment mass effects did not become a factor during the peak loading event.

Reducing Occupant Injury in Frontal Crashes for a Low-Floor City Bus

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham Sahraei Esfahani ◽  
Kurosh Darvish ◽  
Mohamad Parnianpour ◽  
Akbar Bateni
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Material ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Driver Model ◽  
City Bus ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Occupant Injury ◽  
Occupant Injuries ◽  
Frontal Crashes ◽  
Elastic Plastic Material

In this research, the effect of beam buckling in a predefined direction is used to reduce occupant injuries in frontal crashes of an ultra-low-floor (ULF) city bus. In ULF buses, the floor structure consists of several longitudinal long beams, which in case of a frontal crash may buckle due to the axial impact. The direction of rotational acceleration of the driver seat due to buckling is highly affected by the position of the driver seat. A finite element model of an ULF bus was developed using LS-Dyna. The driver model, a Hybrid III 50th male dummy with deformable jacket and abdomen, was restrained to the seat with a 3-point belt. An Elastic-Plastic material model was used for the bus structure to investigate the buckling behavior of the beam elements. Using diagonal beams to guide the buckling in a desired direction, rewarding results were achieved in reducing the occupant injuries. For example, with an extra diagonal beam under the seat, the driver’s HIC15 was reduced from 739 to 415.7 and HIC36 from 791 to 700.6.

Injury Risks of Rear Occupant in Typical Four-door Type of Pick-up Truck under Vehicle Collision

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saiprasit Koetniyom ◽  
Saharat Chanthanumataporn ◽  
Julaluk Carmai ◽  
Manus Dangchat ◽  
Songwut Mongkonlerdmanee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Rear Seat ◽  
Standard Requirement ◽  
Speed Test ◽  
Future Design ◽  
Chest Injuries ◽  
Vehicle Collision ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Occupant Injury ◽  
Occupant Injuries

This research explores the injury risks of occupants in four-door type of pick-up truck using experimental based collision with Hybrid III dummy for occupant injury indicators. The full-sized crash laboratory was developed to conduct full frontal impact based on standard regulation. To verify performance of full-sized crash laboratory and vehicle deceleration, low and high speed tests were conducted at the same vehicle. The Hybrid III dummy with head and chest sensors was used at the rear outboard seat during high speed test. Consequently, the deflection and thoracic viscous criteria, which represent the chest injuries, are up to 93 mm and 3.96 m/s, respectively, high beyond the standard requirement. Moreover, the most important finding of this research is that the four-door pickup truck is subjected to the 2nd impact up to 116.51 G at dummy head with higher resultant acceleration than the 1st impact (65.62 G) due to the limited space behind the rear headrest and thinner backrest of rear seat. This research also investigates the post-crash results to illustrate the suggestive idea for improving crashworthiness of future design resulting in mitigation of occupant injuries.

Passenger Train Crashworthiness—Secondary Collisions

1996 ◽  
Vol 1531 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Subhasish Chatterjee ◽  
John F. Carney
Keyword(s):  
Companion Paper ◽  
Impact Response ◽  
Constitutive Relationship ◽  
Peak Acceleration ◽  
Passenger Train ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Occupant Injuries ◽  
The Impact

Secondary collisions in passenger train crashes are considered and a companion paper dealing with primary collisions is followed up. The effects of crash pulse magnitude and duration, occupant flail distance, and the nature of the impacted surface are considered. The constitutive relationship for a Hybrid III dummy head satisfying the peak acceleration requirements of FMVSS208 is developed and used with the crash victim simulator MADYMO to investigate the impact response of train passengers seated in a unidirectional layout. It is shown that the design of the coach shell and the interior have to be integrated to obtain train designs that will minimize occupant injuries in the event of train collisions.

Development of a Detailed Multi-Body Computational Model of an ATV to Address and Prevent Child Injuries

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrashekhar K. Thorbole ◽  
Mary Aitken ◽  
James Graham ◽  
Beverly Miller ◽  
Samantha Hope Mullins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computational Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Suspension System ◽  
Computational Technique ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Tilt Table Test ◽  
Tilt Table ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Rigid Body Model ◽  
Hybrid Iii

Better insights into ATV crash mechanisms are needed to facilitate effective prevention strategies. Rollover crashes and resulting injuries represent major problems associated with ATVs. These problems are aggravated with the rider is a young child, since all ATVs are rider active machines. Serious injuries associated with child use of adult ATVs are an increasing problem in the United States and other countries. The computational technique is used to develop a detailed adult size ATV. The computational model is developed using the biodynamic code MADYMO. Laboratory tests are conducted on the ATV to extract the dynamic characteristics of the ATV. The ATV model developed features a detailed suspension system. The computational model confidence is increased using a digitized surface to create the rigid body model. The computational ATV model is validated for its lateral stability using a laboratory tilt table test. The suspension system is validated using a drop test on a rigid floor. This validated model is used to simulate and understand crashes and parameters affecting the injury outcome. A Hybrid III six year old dummy is used during the laboratory tilt table test and for initial crash simulations. This paper demonstrates the methodology used to develop a crash analysis for an ATV driven by a six year old child. The computation model is used to recreate a forward flip rollover crash scenario.

Finite Element Modeling of Rollover Crash Tests With Hybrid III Dummies

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Friedman ◽  
John Hutchinson ◽  
Dennis Mihora
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Finite Element Modeling ◽  
The United States ◽  
Finite Element Models ◽  
Element Modeling ◽  
Roof Structure ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rollover Crash ◽  
Crash Tests

This paper reports on the finite element modeling of rollover crash tests with Hybrid III dummies. Finite element models of a vehicle design and the Hybrid III dummy were used to evaluate the subsystem under manufacturer created rollover conditions for a production and roll caged roof structure. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the ability to reproduce the impact environment occurring in rollover crash tests. There are over 26,000 fatalities and serious injuries annually occurring in rollover accidents in the United States. Many of these are to restrained occupants and their head and spinal injuries have been associated with contact with the roof structure. To analyze the crash tests the effects of the system, finite element models were made of rollover crash tests that had been conducted using baseline and modified passenger vehicles and Hybrid III dummies using the defined impact conditions. Neck loads were utilized to validate the model against the test results. The results show that finite element modeling can reproduce the results from rollover crash tests.

Demonstrating Nutrient Cost Gradients: A Brooklyn Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Karp ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Marguerite Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction: Foods dense in micronutrients are generally more expensive than those with higher energy content. These cost-differentials may put low-income families at risk of diminished micronutrient intake. Objectives: We sought to determine differences in the cost for iron, folate, and choline in foods available for purchase in a low-income community when assessed for energy content and serving size. Methods: Sixty-nine foods listed in the menu plans provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for low-income families were considered, in 10 domains. The cost and micronutrient content for-energy and per-serving of these foods were determined for the three micronutrients. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of energy costs; Spearman rho tests for comparisons of micronutrient content. Ninety families were interviewed in a pediatric clinic to assess the impact of food cost on food selection. Results: Significant differences between domains were shown for energy density with both cost-for-energy (p < 0.001) and cost-per-serving (p < 0.05) comparisons. All three micronutrient contents were significantly correlated with cost-for-energy (p < 0.01). Both iron and choline contents were significantly correlated with cost-per-serving (p < 0.05). Of the 90 families, 38 (42 %) worried about food costs; 40 (44 %) had chosen foods of high caloric density in response to that fear, and 29 of 40 families experiencing both worry and making such food selection. Conclusion: Adjustments to USDA meal plans using cost-for-energy analysis showed differentials for both energy and micronutrients. These differentials were reduced using cost-per-serving analysis, but were not eliminated. A substantial proportion of low-income families are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies.

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