A Case Study on Potential SCC Management Using 10-Inch EMAT ILI

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Henderson ◽  
Jeff Ector ◽  
Mike Kirkwood
Keyword(s):  
Crack Detection ◽  
Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Critical Crack ◽  
Multiple Datasets ◽  
Environmentally Assisted Cracking ◽  
Acoustic Transducer ◽  
Crack Type ◽  
The 1960S

Environmentally assisted cracking (EAC), more specifically, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) has been a pipeline integrity concern since the 1960s. However, there were not many options for pipeline operators to effectively manage this threat on gas and liquid pipelines. SCC and other crack type defects have become a threat which is more widely understood and can be appropriately managed through in-line inspection (ILI). The two primary technologies for crack detection, developed in the 1990s and early 2000s respectively, are ultrasonic (UT) and electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT). Although EMAT was originally developed to find SCC on gas pipelines, it has proven equally valuable for crack inspections on liquid pipelines. A case study with a gas and natural gas liquid (NGL) operator, ONEOK Inc. (ONEOK) demonstrates the effectiveness of using EMAT ILI to evaluate the potential threat of crack and crack-like defects on a 48 mile (77.2 km), liquid butane pipeline. By utilizing both 10-inch (254 mm) multiple datasets (MDS) technology and 10-inch (254 mm) EMAT ILI tools, ONEOK proved the effectiveness of ILI to identify critical and sub-critical crack and crack-like defects on their pipeline. This paper will present on the findings from the two technologies and illustrate the approaches taken by the operator to mitigate crack type defects on this pipeline.

Emerging Techniques for Enhanced Assessment and Analysis of Dents

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Dawson ◽  
A. Russell ◽  
A. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Crack Detection ◽  
Impact Damage ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Stress Risers ◽  
The Us ◽  
Assessment Techniques ◽  
Girth Welds

Dents can occur either during pipeline construction e.g., in the form of rock-induced dents or as a result of the handling and back-fill processes or in-service, e.g., excavator impact. If failure as a result of a dent is not immediate, it is possible that the induced dent and/or defect combination can deteriorate in service and cause failure at some time after the initial impact. Often incidents of dents go unreported and the challenge to the pipeline operator is the identification of those defects that may threaten the future integrity of the pipeline from those defects that are dormant and require no further action. Most commonly, ILI metal loss and geometry tools (and in some cases ILI crack detection tools) are used to detect and report the characteristics and dimensions of dent defects. The ILI tools can provide information on the location, shape of the deformation, the nature of the damage i.e., the association with other features (metal loss, cracks, long seam or girth welds). Indeed, dents are found in the majority (> 80%) of pipeline miles inspected; with more than 50% of pipelines containing 10 or more dents. Although the pipeline industry does recognize the potential threat from dents, much of the published guidance is limited to a combination of the nature of the damage (e.g., presence of metal loss, stress risers, location etc) and a simple depth-based assessment of the deformation. In the US, prescriptive rules of this type are in place to provide operators with the timescale for the investigation and remediation of different forms of dents. However, with unintentional releases still occurring in-service from dents (from both excavator impact damage and of construction origin) the current industry thinking and research supports the use of more advanced assessment techniques (beyond the depth-based rules). These enhanced assessment techniques make use of the detailed dent profile information obtained from high-resolution geometry tools and other supporting information on the presence and severity of stress risers from ILI tools. Indeed, the US regulations do allow operators an option to engage such techniques to re-evaluate the prescriptive timescales for certain dent categories. This paper describes two levels of enhanced dent assessment that can be utilized to rank dents in order of severity and to assess their significance and need for remediation and discusses their application supported by real case study information.

Track Record of In-Line Inspection as a Means of ERW Seam Assessment in Response to NTSB Recommendation P-09-1, Arising From the Carmichael, MS Rupture

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Kiefner ◽  
J. B. Nestleroth ◽  
J. A. Beavers ◽  
C. J. Maier
Keyword(s):  
Crack Detection ◽  
Bond Line ◽  
Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Metallurgical Investigation ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Track Record ◽  
Detection Technology ◽  
Line Region ◽  
Acoustic Transducer

The track record of in-line inspection crack detection technology with respect to locating and characterizing seam defects in electric-resistance-welded (ERW) pipe was examined on the basis of 13 tool runs on 741 miles of hazardous liquid and natural gas pipelines. Results for three types of tools were examined: (ultrasonic angle beam, circumferential magnetic flux, and electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT). The methods for validating the locations, types, and sizes of anomalies included in-the-ditch NDE (UT and MT), and removal of pipe for metallurgical investigation and/or burst testing. The work indicates that in-the-ditch NDE is not always reliable for confirming the ILI findings. The metallographic examinations and burst tests sometimes confirmed the ILI findings, but in other cases, they revealed defects did not compare well in size with the anomalies indicated by the ILI or the in-the-ditch NDE. In some cases, anomalies that caused failures in burst tests had not been identified by the ILI. Because the toughness of the bond line region may differ significantly from that of adjacent material, predictions of failure pressure based on ILI-indicated dimensions using a single toughness level are unreliable. It is concluded that significant improvements in ILI crack-detection technologies will be needed in order for pipeline operators to be able to have adequate confidence in the ERW seam integrity of a pipeline inspected by means of an ILI crack-detection tool. It is also concluded that significant improvements of in-the-ditch NDE methods are needed for such methods to be considered a reliable means of validating ERW seam anomalies found by ILI. These results should not discourage the use of technologies for ERW seam integrity assessment. The tools clearly are useful for finding and eliminating some seam defects. Only by continuing to use and develop the tools can pipeline operators expect to see the technologies improve to the point where operators can have a high degree of confidence in the ERW seam integrity of an inspected pipeline.

EMAT As a Basis for a Comprehensive System Wide Crack Management Program

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Katz ◽  
Steve Potts ◽  
Thomas Beuker ◽  
Jörg Grillenberger ◽  
Ralf Weber
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasonic Inspection ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Comprehensive System ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer ◽  
Statistical Confidence ◽  
Acoustic Transducer ◽  
Full Scale Tests

The integrity of aging assets like gas pipelines are managed by a variety of inspection and validation methods. In the particular case of gas pipelines and their susceptibility to cracking, an ultrasonic inspection methodology has been introduced over the last decade, which is based on an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT). Meanwhile, a high resolution implementation of the technology has been utilized on in-line inspection (ILI) tools from 10″ to 48″ in diameter. Williams Gas Pipelines have utilized this inspection technology successfully on several pipelines, therefore an overview will be given about this experience. Secondly a case study will be presented, in which a post hydrostatic test ILI service was used to gain additional relevant safety and integrity information from the ILI inspection and to better understand the actual capabilities of a hydrostatic test. The approach taken is in accordance with API 1163 and in consideration of API 1176. As part of this approach the performance of the ILI tool was confirmed based on a set of full scale tests conducted at the PRCI ILI test facility. The results were used to increase the statistical confidence in the capabilities of the technology.

The Genesis and Internal Dynamics of El Salvador's People's Revolutionary Army, 1970–1976

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
pp. 102-129
Author(s):  
ALBERTO MARTÍN ÁLVAREZ ◽  
EUDALD CORTINA ORERO
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Internal Dynamics ◽  
Internal Coherence ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractUsing interviews with former militants and previously unpublished documents, this article traces the genesis and internal dynamics of the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People's Revolutionary Army, ERP) in El Salvador during the early years of its existence (1970–6). This period was marked by the inability of the ERP to maintain internal coherence or any consensus on revolutionary strategy, which led to a series of splits and internal fights over control of the organisation. The evidence marshalled in this case study sheds new light on the origins of the armed Salvadorean Left and thus contributes to a wider understanding of the processes of formation and internal dynamics of armed left-wing groups that emerged from the 1960s onwards in Latin America.

Language Movement and Civil War in West Africa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ericka A. Albaugh
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Language Spread ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter examines how civil war can influence the spread of language. Specifically, it takes Sierra Leone as a case study to demonstrate how Krio grew from being primarily a language of urban areas in the 1960s to one spoken by most of the population in the 2000s. While some of this was due to “normal” factors such as population movement and growing urbanization, the civil war from 1991 to 2002 certainly catalyzed the process of language spread in the 1990s. Using census documents and surveys, the chapter tests the hypothesis at the national, regional, and individual levels. The spread of a language has political consequences, as it allows for citizen participation in the political process. It is an example of political scientists’ approach to uncovering the mechanisms for and evidence of language movement in Africa.

Shrimp-Artemia-salt integrated system, Vietnam.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Van Tien Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Culture Technique ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
New Production ◽  
Production Scale ◽  
Salt Production ◽  
Cyst Production ◽  
Salt Pans ◽  
The 1960S

Abstract Traditional solar salt pans appeared in Vinh Chau, Soc Trang province and Bac Lieu province in the 1960s (Do, 1998). Crude salt is mainly used for human consumption and to salt fish and fish sauces and therefore its demand is not considerable. Moreover, a large amount of crude salt was produced yearly at the sites which exceeded local consumption needs. Consequently, all salt produced could not be sold which reduced the income of salt farmers. Towards the end of the 1980s, an Artemia culture technique in salt pans for cyst production was developed by the College of Aquaculture and Fisheries (CAF), Cantho University, which proved to be more profitable than traditional salt production (Vu, 1997). Therefore the technique was immediately transferred to farmers and the production scale increased year by year. This case study describes the system of shrimp, Artemia and salt production which was introduced to salt farmers with the aim of developing a new production system to help to improve their living standards.

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