Sand Dune Migration Monitoring for Pipeline Hazard Risk Mitigation: The Peru LNG Coastal Section Case

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabien Ravet ◽  
Christian Silva ◽  
Rodolfo Gil ◽  
Simon Maguire ◽  
Etienne Rochat
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Sand Dune ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Geotechnical Monitoring ◽  
Dune Migration ◽  
Hydrocarbon Transport

Abstract Pipelines often cross challenging terrains where natural hazards are the main risk for their integrity. Environmental conditions can also worsen over the infrastructure lifetime. To reduce the risk of disasters, integrity programs are developed implementing tools for early detection of threats that can lead to a failure with dramatic social, environmental and economic consequences. Fiber optic (FO) monitoring solutions have been widely used and implemented as one of the most efficient prevention tools of these programs. These solutions include geotechnical monitoring, third party intrusion detection and eventually small or pinhole like leak detection. FO based geotechnical monitoring has been successfully operated along the Sierra section of the Peru LNG pipeline since 2010, detecting minor landslides and erosion events. It has also been implemented along other hydrocarbon transport systems to allow the early detection of such events. However, these natural hazards are not the only ones threatening the pipeline. In fact, the coastal section experiences other phenomenon such as sand dune migration and eolian erosion that put the pipeline at risk. Recently, the FO monitoring was extended to the coastal region using the existing communication fiber optic cable to sense temperature changes. Very localized events are thermally detected, their spatial and temporal signature analyzed. The comparison of this data with thermal models identified sections that are close to be exposed or whose soil cover is less than 50cm over a spatial extension that does not exceed a couple of meters. Depth of cover of 10 to 30cm is estimated from such analysis. These results are confirmed by past and ongoing site inspections. Such positive results again illustrate the potential value of fiber optic sensing to mitigate geohazard risks. It not only enhances the efficiency of the integrity program detecting and localizing threats, it also improves and rationalizes the maintenance activities as focused surveys can be conducted.

Distributed Temperature Sensing for Erosion Detection and DoC Estimation: The Peru LNG Experience in Ayacucho and Ica Departments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabien Ravet ◽  
Christian Silva ◽  
Rodolfo Gil ◽  
Etienne Rochat ◽  
Simon Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Sand Dune ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Temperature Sensing ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Distributed Temperature Sensing ◽  
Geotechnical Monitoring ◽  
Dune Migration

Abstract Pipelines often cross challenging terrains where natural hazards are the main risk for their integrity. Environmental conditions can also worsen over the infrastructure lifetime. To reduce the risk of disasters, integrity programs are developed and require tools for early detection of threats that can lead to a failure with dramatic social, environmental and economic consequences. Fiber optic based Geotechnical Monitoring System (GMS) have been used and implemented as an efficient prevention tools of these programs. As a good example, GMS is successfully in operation to detect landslides using Distributed Strain Sensing along the Sierra section of the Peru LNG pipeline since 2010. The continuous operation of the GMS also revealed that infiltration, erosion and sand dune migration can be detected using Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS). First, hydraulic erosion was evidenced in the Sierra region. More recently, events whose origin is eolian erosion and sand dune migration have been identified. A thermal analysis was then conducted to analyze the measured thermal signatures of the detected event. It revealed that the DoC (Depth-of-Cover) can be computed from the temporal response of the fiber optic cable. The time lag between ambient temperature and temperature of the cable directly relates to its burial depth. The obtained data are compared with site inspection observation which confirm the validity of the DTS approach. The method, combining DTS measurements on existing communication cable with thermal analysis, offers the ability to monitor erosion related geohazards in both Sierra and desert sections of the pipeline. The results of the presented work illustrate the potential value of fiber optic sensing to mitigate geohazard risks. It not only enhances the efficiency of the integrity program detecting and localizing threats, it also improves and rationalizes the maintenance activities as focused surveys can be conducted.

Sand Dune Migration Monitoring for Pipeline Hazard Risk Mitigation: The Peru Lng Coastal Section Case

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabien Ravet ◽  
Simon Maguire ◽  
Rodolfo Gil ◽  
Christian Silva ◽  
Etienne Rochat
Keyword(s):  
Sand Dune ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Hazard Risk ◽  
Dune Migration

scholarly journals The use of questionnaires for acquiring information on public perception of natural hazards and risk mitigation – a review of current knowledge and practice

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1307-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Bird
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Knowledge And Practice

Abstract. Questionnaires are popular and fundamental tools for acquiring information on public knowledge and perception of natural hazards. Questionnaires can provide valuable information to emergency management agencies for developing risk management procedures. Although many natural hazards researchers describe results generated from questionnaires, few explain the techniques used for their development and implementation. Methodological detail should include, as a minimum, response format (open/closed questions), mode of delivery, sampling technique, response rate and access to the questionnaire to allow reproduction of or comparison with similar studies. This article reviews current knowledge and practice for developing and implementing questionnaires. Key features include questionnaire design, delivery mode, sampling techniques and data analysis. In order to illustrate these aspects, a case study examines methods chosen for the development and implementation of questionnaires used to obtain information on knowledge and perception of volcanic hazards in a tourist region in southern Iceland. Face-to-face interviews highlighted certain issues with respect to question structure and sequence. Recommendations are made to overcome these problems before the questionnaires are applied in future research projects. In conclusion, basic steps that should be disclosed in the literature are provided as a checklist to ensure that reliable, replicable and valid results are produced from questionnaire based hazard knowledge and risk perception research.

Development of a Fiber-Optic Accelerometer for Third-Party Damage Detection

2005 ◽  
Vol 297-300 ◽  
pp. 1979-1984
Author(s):  
Jae Young Nam ◽  
Jae Boong Choi ◽  
Young Jin Kim ◽  
Chang Ryul Pyo
Keyword(s):  
Damage Detection ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Third Party

scholarly journals Quantifying the effectiveness of early warning systems for natural hazards

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sättele ◽  
M. Bründl ◽  
D. Straub
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Integrated Risk ◽  
Framework Approach

Abstract. Early warning systems (EWSs) are increasingly applied as preventive measures within an integrated risk management approach for natural hazards. At present, common standards and detailed guidelines for the evaluation of their effectiveness are lacking. To support decision-makers in the identification of optimal risk mitigation measures, a three-step framework approach for the evaluation of EWSs is presented. The effectiveness is calculated in function of the technical and the inherent reliability of the EWS. The framework is applicable to automated and non-automated EWSs and combinations thereof. To address the specifics and needs of a wide variety of EWS designs, a classification of EWSs is provided, which focuses on the degree of automations encountered in varying EWSs. The framework and its implementation are illustrated through a series of example applications of EWS in an alpine environment.

scholarly journals Quantifying the effectiveness of early warning systems for natural hazards

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 4479-4526 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sättele ◽  
M. Bründl ◽  
D. Straub
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Integrated Risk ◽  
Framework Approach

Abstract. Early warning systems (EWS) are increasingly applied as preventive measures within an integrated risk management approach for natural hazards. At present, common standards and detailed guidelines for the evaluation of their effectiveness are lacking. To support decision-makers in the identification of optimal risk mitigation measures, a three-step framework approach for the evaluation of EWS is presented. The effectiveness is calculated in function of the technical and the inherent reliability of the EWS. The framework is applicable to automated and non-automated EWS and combinations thereof. To address the specifics and needs of a wide variety of EWS designs, a classification of EWS is provided, which focuses on the degree of automations encountered in varying EWS. The framework and its implementation are illustrated through a series of example applications of EWS in an alpine environment.

Development of a Fiber-Optic Accelerometer for Third-Party Damage Detection

2005 ◽  
pp. 1979-1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Young Nam ◽  
Jae Boong Choi ◽  
Young Jin Kim ◽  
Chang Ryul Pyo
Keyword(s):  
Damage Detection ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Third Party

scholarly journals Analyzing Stakeholders' Perceptions of the Critical Risk Factors in Oil and Gas Pipeline Projects

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
Layth Kraidi ◽  
Raj Shah ◽  
Wilfred Matipa ◽  
Fiona Borthwick
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
Risk Monitoring ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Severity Levels ◽  
Trusted Data ◽  
Pipeline Failures

Currently, there are enormous Risk Factors (RFs) threating the safety of Oil and Gas Pipelines (OGPs) at all stages of projects. However, there is a lack of information about the root causes of pipeline failures and an absence of trusted data about the "probability and severity" levels of the RFs; this hinders the risk management in such projects. To improve the safety level of OGPs, this paper aims to explore stakeholders' perceptions about pipeline failures issues to analyze the RFs and recommend effective Risk Mitigation Methods (RMMs). Due to the lack of trusted data about the RFs and RMMs, this paper started with extensive investigations to identify the critical RFs and the applied RMMs in OGP projects in different circumstances. The findings of these investigations were used to design a questionnaire survey, which was distributed to analyze the "probability and severity" levels of the RFs and evaluate the "usability and effectiveness" degrees of the suggested RMMs. The survey results revealed that RFs related to Third-Party Disruption (TPD) including sabotage and terrorism, corruption and insecure areas are the most severe RFs. Additionally, based on the survey some RMMs such as anti-corrosion efforts, laying the pipelines underground and using technologically advanced risk-monitoring systems were found to be effective RMMs. These results were found to be varied based on the stakeholders' occupation in the projects; for example, the overall survey results indicated that terrorism and sabotage is the most critical RF, while the planners and the researchers identified corruption as the most critical one. It was also observed that using anti-corrosion measures such as isolation and cathodic protection would be the most effective RMM, while the other stakeholders have different perceptions like moving the pipelines underground an advanced risk-monitoring system are the most effective RMMs as indicated by the consultant, planner or designer and researches respectively.

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