scholarly journals Technical Basis for Master Curve for Fatigue Crack Growth of Ferritic Steels in High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen in ASME Section VIII-3 Code

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris San Marchi ◽  
Joseph Ronevich ◽  
Paolo Bortot ◽  
Yoru Wada ◽  
John Felbaum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Fatigue Crack Growth ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Master Curve ◽  
Gaseous Hydrogen ◽  
Section Viii ◽  
Crack Growth Rates

Abstract The design of pressure vessels for high-pressure gaseous hydrogen service per ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII Division 3 requires measurement of fatigue crack growth rates in situ in gaseous hydrogen at the design pressure. These measurements are challenging and only a few laboratories in the world are equipped to make these measurements, especially in gaseous hydrogen at pressure in excess of 100 MPa. However, sufficient data is now available to show that common pressure vessel steels (e.g., SA-372 and SA-723) show similar fatigue crack growth rates when the maximum applied stress intensity factor is significantly less than the elastic-plastic fracture toughness. Indeed, the measured rates are sufficiently consistent that a master curve for fatigue crack growth in gaseous hydrogen can be established for steels with tensile strength less than 915 MPa. In this overview, published reports of fatigue crack growth rate data in gaseous hydrogen are reviewed. These data are used to formulate a two-part master curve for fatigue crack growth in high-pressure (106 MPa) gaseous hydrogen, following the classic power-law formulation for fatigue crack growth and a term that accounts for the loading ratio (R). The bounds on applicability of the master curve are discussed, including the relationship between hydrogen-assisted fracture and tensile strength of these steels. These data have been used in developing ASME VIII-3 Code Case 2938. Additionally, a phenomenological term for pressure can be added to the master curve and it is shown that the same master curve formulation captures the behavior of pressure vessel and pipeline steels at significantly lower pressure.

scholarly journals Fatigue Crack Growth Behaviour of High Strength Ferritic Steels in High Pressure Hydrogen

2018 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 03008
Author(s):  
Ashok Saxena ◽  
Kevin Nibur
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Fatigue Crack Growth ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Hydrogen Pressure ◽  
Gaseous Hydrogen ◽  
Loading Frequency ◽  
Crack Growth Rates ◽  
Pressure Hydrogen

The design of safe and low-cost, high-pressure hydrogen storage systems are a critical need for harnessing clean power but must consider the propensity of hydrogen to accelerate fatigue crack growth rates in the construction materials. Design of safe pressure vessels needs robust models for predicting crack growth rates and how they are affected by variables such as loading frequency, load ratios, hydrogen pressure, gaseous impurities, temperature, and material variability. In this study, fatigue crack growth rates were measured in the liner material in 10 MPa gaseous hydrogen at various load ratios, R, in the range -1 ≤ R ≤ 0.2. The effects of varying loading frequency were investigated, and the results were pooled with those from literature for similar alloys tested in 103 MPa gaseous hydrogen pressure. The differences in crack growth rates between H2 pressures of 10 to 103 MPa as well as the effects of frequency on the environment assisted crack growth rates were assessed. Loading frequency effects tend to saturate at frequencies of 1 Hz and less. H2 pressure effects appear to saturate at pressures of 45MPa, while load ratio effects are not significant for –1 ≤ R ≤ 0.2 but become important for R ≥ 0.2.

Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Autofrettaged Hydrogen Pressure Vessel Made of Low Alloy Steel

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoru Wada ◽  
Yusuke Yanagisawa
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Fatigue Crack Growth ◽  
Crack Propagation ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Cylindrical Specimen ◽  
Growth Behavior ◽  
Gaseous Hydrogen ◽  
Crack Growth Behavior ◽  
Low Alloy Steel

Autofrettage is used to known as an effective method to prevent fatigue crack propagation of thick-walled cylinder vessels operating under high pressure. Since low-alloy steel shows an enhanced crack growth rate in high-pressure gaseous hydrogen, this paper aims to validate the effect of autofrettage on crack growth behavior in high-pressure gaseous hydrogen utilizing 4%NiCrMoV steel (SA723 Gr3 Class2). An autofrettaged cylindrical specimen with a 70mm inside diameter and 111mm outside diameter was prepared with an axial EDM (depth of 1mm) notched on the inside surface. The measured residual stress profile coincides well with the calculated results. The fatigue crack growth test was conducted by pressurizing the cylinder and varying the external water pressure. Crack propagation from the EDM notch was observed in the non-autofrettaged cylindrical specimen while no crack propagation was observed when the initial EDM notch size was within the compressive residual stress field. When the initial EDM notch size was increased, the fatigue crack growth showed a narrow, groove-like fracture surface for the autofrettaged specimen. In order to qualitatively analyze those results, fatigue crack growth rates were examined under various load ratios including a negative load ratio using a fracture mechanics specimen. From the information obtained, crack growth analysis of an autofrettaged cylinder in a high-pressure hydrogen environment was successfully demonstrated with a fracture mechanics approach.

Fatigue crack propagation prediction of a pressure vessel mild steel based on a strain energy density model

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Huffman ◽  
J. Ferreira ◽  
J.A.F.O. Correia ◽  
A.M.P. De Jesus ◽  
G. Lesiuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Fatigue Crack Growth ◽  
Crack Propagation ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Strain Energy Density ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Crack Growth Rates

Fatigue crack growth (FCG) rates have traditionally been formulated from fracture mechanics, whereas fatigue crack initiation has been empirically described using stress-life or strain-life methods. More recently, there has been efforts towards the use of the local stress-strain and similitude concepts to formulate fatigue crack growth rates. A new model has been developed which derives stress-life, strain-life and fatigue crack growth rates from strain energy density concepts. This new model has the advantage to predict an intrinsic stress ratio effect of the form ?ar=(?amp)?·(?max )(1-?), which is dependent on the cyclic stress-strain behaviour of the material. This new fatigue crack propagation model was proposed by Huffman based on Walkerlike strain-life relation. This model is applied to FCG data available for the P355NL1 pressure vessel steel. A comparison of the experimental results and the Huffman crack propagation model is made.

scholarly journals Orientation Dependence of Hydrogen Accelerated Fatigue Crack Growth Rates in Pipeline Steels

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Ju Song ◽  
Joseph A. Ronevich
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Crack Growth Rate ◽  
Fatigue Crack Growth ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Fatigue Crack Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Orientation Dependence ◽  
Gaseous Hydrogen ◽  
Crack Growth Rates

One of the most efficient methods for supplying gaseous hydrogen long distances is by using steel pipelines. However, steel pipelines exhibit accelerated fatigue crack growth rates in gaseous hydrogen relative to air. Despite conventional expectations that higher strength steels would be more susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement, recent testing on a variety of pipeline steel grades has shown a notable independence between strength and hydrogen assisted fatigue crack growth rate. It is thought that microstructure may play a more defining role than strength in determining the hydrogen susceptibility. Among the many factors that could affect hydrogen accelerated fatigue crack growth rates, this study was conducted with an emphasis on orientation dependence. The orientation dependence of toughness in hot rolled steels is a well-researched area; however, few studies have been conducted to reveal the relationship between fatigue crack growth rate in hydrogen and orientation. In this work, fatigue crack growth rates were measured in hydrogen for high strength steel pipeline with different orientations. A significant reduction in fatigue crack growth rates were measured when cracks propagated perpendicular to the rolling direction. A detailed microstructural investigation was performed, in an effort to understand the orientation dependence of fatigue crack growth rate performance of pipeline steels in hydrogen environments.

Measurement of Fatigue Crack Growth Rates for Steels in Hydrogen Storage

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoru Wada ◽  
Kouichi Takasawa ◽  
Ryoji Ishigaki ◽  
Yasuhiko Tanaka ◽  
Tadao Iwadate
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Fatigue Crack Growth ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Crack Depth ◽  
Load Ratio ◽  
Gaseous Hydrogen ◽  
Test Machine ◽  
Critical Crack ◽  
Crack Growth Rates

Fatigue crack growth rates (da/dN) in up to 90MPa high-pressure gaseous hydrogen environments of quenched and tempered low alloy Cr-Mo steel: JIS-SCM435 with ultimate tensile strength level of 950MPa were measured utilizing a cycle, ranging from 0.3sec from 1000sec long with a road ratio R = 0.1. The longer cycle time tests (15sec to 1000sec per cycle) were conducted utilizing internal pressure test apparatus by utilizing cylinder (= CY) specimens, while shorter cycle (0.3sec to 25sec per cycle) tests were performed utilizing fatigue test machine using compact tension (= C(T)) specimens. Crack depth of CY specimens were measured by Time Of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) technique and the crack length of C(T) specimens were measured by compliance technique. Both C(T) and CY specimen showed accelerated sub-critical crack growth in gaseous hydrogen compared that in air or inert gas atmosphere. The effect of load ratio was also evaluated.

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