Protective Capabilities of a Watersports Helmet for Boom-to-Head Impacts During Sailing

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenka L. Stepan ◽  
Irving S. Scher ◽  
Reed Thomas
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Angular Velocity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Testing Device ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Head Impacts ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Highly Correlated

In sailing, the boom comes across the boat during tacks and jibes and has potential to impact a participant’s head and cause injury. To our knowledge, there are no sailing specific helmets on the market in the United States. To determine the effectiveness of a wakeboarding helmet to mitigate the risk of head injury, we measured the boom angular velocity on a 24-foot keel sailboat during controlled jibes. The boom motion was recreated in a laboratory setting and positioned to contact the occiput of the instrumented head of a Hybrid III 50th percentile male anthropometric testing device (ATD). Tests were conducted with an unhelmeted ATD and with an ATD wearing a wakeboarding helmet. Boom angular velocities and head accelerations for unhelmeted impacts were highly correlated (R2 = 0.996). The watersports helmet reduced head accelerations by 52 ± 4% when compared to accelerations from unhelmeted impacts.

scholarly journals Emergency Department Visits From 2014 to 2018 for Head Injuries in Youth Non-Tackle Football Compared With Other Sports

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 232596712097540
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Zendler ◽  
Ron Jadischke ◽  
Jared Frantz ◽  
Steve Hall ◽  
Grant C. Goulet
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Emergency Department Visits ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Cerebral Contusion ◽  
Common Diagnosis ◽  
Tackle Football

Background: Non-tackle football (ie, flag, touch, 7v7) is purported to be a lower-risk alternative to tackle football, particularly in terms of head injuries. However, data on head injuries in non-tackle football are sparse, particularly among youth participants. Purpose: To describe the epidemiology of  emergency department visits for head injuries due to non-tackle football among youth players in the United States and compare the data with basketball, soccer, and tackle football. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Injury data from 2014 to 2018 were obtained from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database. Injury reports coded for patients aged 6 to 18 years and associated with basketball, football, or soccer were extracted. Data were filtered to include only injuries to the head region, specifically, the head, ear, eyeball, mouth, or face. Football injuries were manually assigned to “non-tackle” or “tackle” based on the injury narratives. Sports & Fitness Industry Association data were used to estimate annual sport participation and calculate annual injury rates per 100,000 participant-years. Results: A total of 26,770 incident reports from 2014 to 2018 were analyzed. For head region injuries in non-tackle football, the head was the most commonly injured body part, followed by the face; the most common diagnosis was a laceration, followed by concussion and internal injury (defined as an unspecified head injury or internal head injury [eg, subdural hematoma or cerebral contusion]). The most common contacting object was another player. The projected national rate of head region injuries was lowest for non-tackle football across the 4 sports. In particular, the projected rate of injuries to the head for non-tackle football (78.0 per 100,000 participant-years) was less than one-fourth the rates for basketball (323.5 per 100,000 participant-years) and soccer (318.2 per 100,000 participant-years) and less than one-tenth the rate for tackle football (1478.6 per 100,000 participant-years). Conclusion: Among youth in the United States aged 6 to 18 years who were treated in the emergency department for injuries related to playing non-tackle football, the most common diagnosis for injuries to the head region was a laceration, followed by a concussion. Head region injuries associated with non-tackle football occurred at a notably lower rate than basketball, soccer, or tackle football.

Does Party Trump Ideology? Disentangling Party and Ideology in America

2018 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL BARBER ◽  
JEREMY C. POPE
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Research Design ◽  
The United States ◽  
Group Loyalty ◽  
Policy Statements ◽  
Party Attachment ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Liberal Policy ◽  
Standing Question ◽  
Over Time

Are people conservative (liberal) because they are Republicans (Democrats)? Or is it the reverse: people are Republicans (Democrats) because they are conservatives (liberals)? Though much has been said about this long-standing question, it is difficult to test because the concepts are nearly impossible to disentangle in modern America. Ideology and partisanship are highly correlated, only growing more so over time. However, the election of President Trump presents a unique opportunity to disentangle party attachment from ideological commitment. Using a research design that employs actual “conservative” and “liberal” policy statements from President Trump, we find that low-knowledge respondents, strong Republicans, Trump-approving respondents, and self-described conservatives are the most likely to behave like party loyalists by accepting the Trump cue—in either a liberal or conservative direction. These results suggest that there are a large number of party loyalists in the United States, that their claims to being a self-defined conservative are suspect, and that group loyalty is the stronger motivator of opinion than are any ideological principles.

Head Injury Issues in the Netherlands and the United States

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-46
Author(s):  
Barbara A. Frye ◽  
Maria J. Glenn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
The United States

Local All-Age Bicycle Helmet Ordinances in the United States: A Review and Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly Merrill-Francis ◽  
Jon S. Vernick ◽  
Keshia M. Pollack Porter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
The United States ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Bicycle Helmet ◽  
Bicycle Helmets ◽  
Helmet Laws

Bicycle helmets protect against head injury. Mandatory helmet laws likely increase their use. Although 21 states and Washington, DC have mandatory helmet laws for youth (variously defined) bicyclists, no U.S. state has a mandatory helmet law that applies to all ages; however, some localities have all-age helmet laws for bicyclists. This study abstracted local helmet laws applicable to all-ages to examine their elements.

Head Injury-Associated Deaths in the United States From 1979 to 1986

JAMA ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 262 (16) ◽  
pp. 2251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Sosin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
The United States

scholarly journals Ranking of Tornado Outbreaks across the United States and Their Climatological Characteristics

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 684-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Fuhrmann ◽  
Charles E. Konrad ◽  
Margaret M. Kovach ◽  
Jordan T. McLeod ◽  
William G. Schmitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Ranking Scheme ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Tornado Outbreaks ◽  
The Town

Abstract The calendar year 2011 was an extraordinary year for tornadoes across the United States, as it marked the second highest annual number of tornadoes since 1950 and was the deadliest tornado year since 1936. Most of the fatalities in 2011 occurred in a series of outbreaks, highlighted by a particularly strong outbreak across the southeastern United States in late April and a series of outbreaks over the Great Plains and Midwest regions in late May, which included a tornado rated as a category 5 event on the enhanced Fujita scale (EF5) that devastated the town of Joplin, Missouri. While most tornado-related fatalities often occur in outbreaks, very few studies have examined the climatological characteristics of outbreaks, particularly those of varying strength. In this study a straightforward metric to assess the strength, or physical magnitude, of tornado outbreaks east of the Rocky Mountains from 1973 to 2010 is developed. This measure of outbreak strength, which integrates the intensity of tornadoes [Fujita (F)/EF-scale rating] over their distance traveled (pathlength), is more highly correlated with injuries and fatalities than other commonly used variables, such as the number of significant tornadoes, and is therefore more reflective of the potential threat of outbreaks to human life. All outbreaks are then ranked according to this metric and their climatological characteristics are examined, with comparisons made to all other tornadoes not associated with outbreaks. The results of the ranking scheme are also compared to those of previous studies, while the strongest outbreaks from 2011 are ranked among other outbreaks in the modern record, including the April 1974 Super Outbreak.

Head Injury Management in the United States

1996 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 897-898
Author(s):  
Jam Ghajar ◽  
Raj K. Narayan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
The United States ◽  
Injury Management

scholarly journals Coupled Evaluation of Below- and Aboveground Energy and Water Cycle Variables from Reanalysis Products over Five Flux Tower Sites in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2105-2119 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Lytle ◽  
Xubin Zeng
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Flux Tower ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Ground Heat Flux ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract Reanalysis products are widely used to study the land–atmosphere exchanges of energy, water, and carbon fluxes and have been evaluated using in situ data above or below ground. Here, measurements for several years at five flux tower sites in the United States (with a total of 315 576 h of data) are used for the coupled evaluation of both below- and aboveground processes from three global reanalysis products and six global land data assimilation products. All products show systematic errors in precipitation, snow depth, and the timing of the melting and onset of snow. Despite the biases in soil moisture, all products show significant correlations with observed daily soil moisture for the periods with unfrozen soil. While errors in 2-m air temperature are highly correlated with errors in skin temperature for all sites, the correlations between skin and soil temperature errors are weaker, particularly over the sites with seasonal snow. While net short- and longwave radiation flux errors have opposite signs across all products, the net radiation and ground heat flux errors are usually smaller in magnitude than turbulent flux errors. On the other hand, the all-product averages usually agree well with the observations on the evaporative fraction, defined as the ratio of latent heat over the sum of latent and sensible heat fluxes. This study identifies the strengths and weaknesses of these widely used products and helps understand the connection of their errors in above- versus belowground quantities.

Head Kinematics in Mini-Sled Tests of Foam Padding: Relevance of Linear Responses From Free Motion Headform (FMH) Testing to Head Angular Responses

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ivarsson ◽  
D. C. Viano ◽  
P. Lo¨vsund ◽  
Y. Parnaik
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Angular Acceleration ◽  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
Free Motion ◽  
Constant Thickness ◽  
Head Impacts ◽  
Hybrid Iii

The revised Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 201 specifies that the safety performance of vehicle upper interiors is determined from the resultant linear acceleration response of a free motion headform (FMH) impacting the interior at 6.7 m/s. This study addresses whether linear output data from the FMH test can be used to select an upper interior padding that decreases the likelihood of rotationally induced brain injuries. Using an experimental setup consisting of a Hybrid III head-neck structure mounted on a mini-sled platform, sagittal plane linear and angular head accelerations were measured in frontal head impacts into foam samples of various stiffness and density with a constant thickness (51 mm) at low (∼5.0 m/s), intermediate (∼7.0 m/s), and high (∼9.6 m/s) impact speeds. Provided that the foam samples did not bottom out, recorded peak values of angular acceleration and change in angular velocity increased approximately linearly with increasing peak resultant linear acceleration and value of the Head Injury Criterion HIC36. The results indicate that the padding that produces the lowest possible peak angular acceleration and peak change in angular velocity without causing high peak forces is the one that produces the lowest possible HIC36 without bottoming out in the FMH test.

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