Maternally inherited symbiotic bacteria in ticks: incidence and biological importance

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Kai Zhang ◽  
Jing Ze Liu
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Biological Importance ◽  
Geographical Populations ◽  
Veterinary Importance ◽  
New Strategies

Ticks are exclusive blood-feeding parasites that are of medical and veterinary importance. Ticks are also host for several maternally inherited symbiotic bacteria that are non-pathogenic bacteria and have potential roles in tick biology and the transmission of co-infecting pathogens. In order to gain a comprehensive view of these symbionts in ticks, we overviewed their incidence and biological importance within ticks based on available data. The symbionts in ticks are diverse, and their incidence and frequency vary across different tick species and different geographical populations of the same species. In some cases, symbionts of Coxiella, Francisella and Rickettsia genera may provide tick hosts essential nutrients absent from the exclusive food source of ticks and exhibit mutualistic relationships with their hosts. However, most symbionts are facultative and affect the biological phenotypes of their tick hosts through various ways. For some strains of Coxiella and Francisella, advanced genomic data and phylogenetic investigations have revealed their interactions with hosts and their evolutionary transitions of pathogenic and mutualistic forms. These findings are valuable for understanding tick-symbiont associations, and may help to develop new strategies to control ticks and tick-borne diseases.

scholarly journals Extremely reduced supergroup F Wolbachia: transition to obligate insect symbionts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sazzad Mahmood ◽  
Eva Novakova ◽  
Jana Martinu ◽  
Oldrich Sychra ◽  
Vaclav Hypsa
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectory ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Chewing Lice ◽  
Reduced Genome ◽  
Insect Symbionts

Wolbachia are widely distributed symbionts among invertebrates that manifest by a broad spectrum of lifestyles from parasitism to mutualism. Wolbachia Supergroup F is considered a particularly interesting group which gave rise to symbionts of both arthropods and nematodes, and some of its members are obligate mutualists. Further investigations on evolutionary transitions in symbiosis have been hampered by a lack of genomic data for Supergroup F members. In this study, we present genomic data for five new supergroup F Wolbachia strains associated with four chewing lice species. These new strains in different evolutionary stages show genomic characteristics well-illustrating the evolutionary trajectory which symbiotic bacteria experience during their transition to mutualism. Three of the strains have not yet progressed with the transition, the other two show typical signs of ongoing gene deactivation and removal (genome size, coding density, low number of pseudogenes). Particularly, wMeur1, a symbiont fixed in all Menacanthus eurystenus populations across four continents, possesses a highly reduced genome of 733,850 bp with a horizontally acquired capacity for pantothenate synthesis. Comparing with other strains showed wMeur1 genome as the smallest currently known among all Wolbachia and the first example of Wolbachia which has completed genomic streamlining known from the gammaproteobacterial obligate symbionts.

scholarly journals Bakteri Simbion Gastropoda Pleuroploca trapesium Dari Perairan Ternate, Sebagai Alternatif Antibakteri MDR (Bacterial Symbiont Gastropoda Pleuroploca trapezium from Ternate, as Alternative Antibacterial MDR)

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Delianis Pringgenies ◽  
Person Pesona Renta
Keyword(s):  
16S Rdna ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Dna Amplification ◽  
Sensitivity Test ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
16S Rdna Sequence Analysis ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Antibiotic Compounds ◽  
Bacterial Sensitivity

Bakteri yang resisten terhadap beberapa jenis antibakteri ini dikenal dengan bakteri multi drug resistant (MDR).Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, perlu dilakukan pencarian senyawa antibiotik baru yang lebih efektif dan efisien dalam mengatasi permasalahan bakteri MDR. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi bakteri yang bersimbiosis dengan gastropoda Pleuroploca trapezium sebagai sumber antibakteri MDR. Sampel Moluska dikoleksi dari perairan Ternate, Maluku. Tahapan penelitian meliputi isolasi bakteri, skrining  bakteri simbion yang potensi sebagai anti bakteri MDR, uji antibakteri, isolasi bakteri patogen klinis MDR; uji sensitivitas anti-bakteri, ekstraksi, amplifikasi dan sekuensing DNA. Hasil 16S urutan r-DNA dianalisis dan diedit menggunakan program Genetix dan diikuti dengan analisis urutan 16S rDNA. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 19 isolat bakteri dengan 5 bakteri aktif yang berasosiasi dengan Pleuroploca trapezium. Berdasarkan besarnya zona hambat yang dibentuk dan konsistensi munculnya zona hambatan, isolat terbaik adalah TPT 4.7. Isolat ini memiliki hubungan yang dekat dengan Paracoccus  sp. MBIC4019 dengan homologi sebesar 95% yang menunjukkan kekerabatan ditingkat genus. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan harapan adanya potensi besar sebagai bahan antibakteri baru. Kata kunci: antibakteri, simbion, Pleuroploca trapezium, multi drugs resistantThe bacteria resistant to some antibiotics are known as multi drug resistant (MDR). To overcome the problem, it is needed to search for a new antibiotic compounds more effectively and efficiently. This study aims to identify potential from symbionts of Pleuroploca trapezium as a source of antibacteria MDR and identifying the bacteria that were active against the MDR. Samples were collected from Ternate, Maluku. Isolation of symbiotic bacteria, screening for bacteria which producing secondary metabolites as anti-MDR bacteria, antibacterial test, isolation of clinical pathogenic bacteria of MDR. Conducting anti-bacterial sensitivity test,  sensitivity test for antibacterial,  DNA exctraction, DNA amplification based on PCR method, DNA sequencing.  Result of 16S r-DNA sequence was then analyzed and edited using GENETYX program and followed by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Screening of bacteria associated with P. trapezium resulted in 19 isolates with 5 active bacteria. Based on the size of the zone forming and the consistency of zone, so the best isolate is TPT 4.7. The identification shows that TPT 4.7 has a close relationship with the Paracoccus sp. MBIC4019 with homologi of 95%, which shows the relationship at the genus level. Its suggest that these results are very promising as a new antibacterial material. Keywords: antibacterial, symbiotic bacteria, Pleuroploca trapezium, multi drugs resistant

Bacterial Symbiotes, Their Presence in Head Lice, and Potential Treatment Avenues

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig N. Burkhart ◽  
Craig G. Burkhart
Keyword(s):  
Head Louse ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Head Lice ◽  
Pediculus Humanus ◽  
Toxic Agents ◽  
Anatomic Localization

Background: Pediculus humanus capitis (head lice) belongs to the order Anoplura, which are blood-feeding ectoparasites that live on human hair. Within these insects reside symbiotic bacteria that enable the insect to flourish on dietary sources of limited nutritional value. These symbiotic bacteria are essential to the survival of the insect. Objective: To assess the feasibility of treating head lice by altering their symbiotic bacteria. Methods: In addition to a literature review of the expanded role of symbiotic bacteria in other organisms, the anatomic localization of their presence in human head lice and molecular characterization of the head louse symbiont were analyzed. Results: Anatomically, the bacterial symbiotes are localized to the midgut mycetome in males and the ovaries in females. The 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid phylogenetic analysis was presented. Features of this bacterial symbiote may make this symbiont accessible as a target for pediculocidal and ovicidal therapy by altering its habitat and existence. Conclusions: An understanding of the nature of bacterial symbiotes of head lice might lead to alternative strategies for eradication or inhibition of these necessary bacteria, thereby controlling head lice with less toxic agents than conventional insecticides, to which the organism continues to increase its resistance.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of Ribosomal DNA (ITS2) of hard ticks in Iran: understanding the conspecificity of Dermacentor marginatus and D. niveus

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Parisa Soltan-Alinejad ◽  
Zahra Ramezani ◽  
Hamideh Edalat ◽  
Zakkyeh Telmadarraiy ◽  
Farrokh Dabiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Tick Species ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Its2 Sequence ◽  
Hard Tick ◽  
Dermacentor Marginatus ◽  
Hard Ticks ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Veterinary Importance

Abstract Objectives Hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are ectoparasites of medical and veterinary importance. They are obligate blood-feeding vectors with the ability to transmit a wide variety of pathogens. Standard morphological keys are normally used for the identification of tick species. However, considering the importance of accurate species identification and the determination of bio-ecological characteristics of species, relying on morphological keys alone can be questionable. In this study, two DNA fragments (ITS2 and COI) were selected for phylogenetic evaluation of Iranian hard tick species belonging to the genera Dermacentor, Hyalomma, and Rhipicephalus. Results 1229 specimens of Dermacentor marginatus, D. niveus, Hyalomma anatolicum, Rhipicephalus bursa, and R. sanguineuss.l constituting 11 populations were collected from three different climatic and zoogeographical zones in Iran. Morphological studies revealed notable differences in important morphological characteristics between different populations of D. marginatus. The results of ITS2 sequence analysis provided additional evidence which supports the conspecificity of D. niveus and D. marginatus. Contrary to this finding, the sequence analysis of COI and phylogeny favored the separation of the two species. Given the greater importance of COI in identifying and discriminating species, a possibility heterospecificity between the two species should be considered.

scholarly journals Comparison of Symbiotic Bacterial Community of Soft Corals Sarcophyton and Sinularia of the Hainan Province, (South China Sea, China)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Hao Lu ◽  
Alireza Asem ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Weidong Li ◽  
PeiZheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
South China ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Coral Species ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Hainan Province ◽  
Soft Corals

Changes in the microbial community associated with environmental impacts can lead to opportunistic infections, coral disease and death. Diversity analysis and community comparison were performed on 23 collected soft Coral specimens from South China See surrounding Hainan Province (China) based on Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The results showed that Proteobacteria was the main symbiotic bacteria in soft corals. In the same geographical location, the diversity and abundance of symbiotic bacteria in the genus Sinularia are higher than genus Sarcophyton. Unlike Sinularia, the genus Sarcophyton is more inclined to Tenericutes. Furthermore, the same coral species has different bacterial community structure in different environments. The temperature difference between sampling points at 2 ℃ is the main factor affecting the results. A large number of Endozoicomonas found in stone corals have not become the dominant bacteria associated with soft corals. Coral-related pathogenic bacteria were not found in this investigation. This study provided a baseline for future studies of soft coral microbiomes, and assessment of functions of host metabolites and soft coral holobionts. Our result documented that same coral species in each locality represent identical pattern of bacterial diversity and community.

scholarly journals Potential Bacterial Symbion of Sea Urchin As a Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Antibacterial Agent Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia Coli Bacteria

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Suzana Kristy Satriani Fofied ◽  
Agus Sabdono ◽  
Diah Permata Wijayanti
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Escherichia Coli Bacteria

Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are pathogenic bacteria agent of many human diseases. Those bacteria infect in various levels and also been antibiotic resistants. Bacterial resistance has become a serious global problem. The purposes of this study were to isolate and identify the symbiotic bacteria of the Sea Urchin that have an antibacterial activity of the Strain Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Sea Urchin was taken from Panjang island, Jepara Indonesia at 2-3 m depth. The symbiotic bacteria were isolated from Sea Urchin by using dilution method and spread plate method. Phenotypic characteristics was observed on colony shape, color and texture of growing bacteria. While the streak method was used to purify bacterial symbion. The antibacterial activity test was performed using overlay method. The results showed that 3 out of 37 isolates have antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The BB.03.35 isolate was selected for molecular identification due to the largest inhibitory zone diameter. The sequence of this bacterium showed 97% homology and closely related to Pseudoalteromonas flavipulchra.

scholarly journals Pyriproxyfen-Treated Polypropylene Sheets and Resting Boxes for Controlling Mosquitoes in Livestock Operations

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pattarapon Khemrattrakool ◽  
Jintana Yanola ◽  
Nongkran Lumjuan ◽  
Pradya Somboon
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Insect Growth Regulator ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Anopheles Subpictus ◽  
Egg Hatchability ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Veterinary Importance ◽  
The Impact

Many insect vector species of medical and veterinary importance are found abundantly in areas where animals are held. In these areas, they often rest for a period of time on objects around the animals both before and after blood feeding. However, the use of neurotoxic insecticides for vector control is not advised for use in such shelters as these chemicals can pose hazards to animals. The present study evaluated the efficacy of pyriproxyfen (PPF), an insect growth regulator, applied to polypropylene sheets and resting boxes on the reproductivity of mosquitoes found in animal shelters in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The sheets sprayed with 666 mg PPF/m2 were set on the inner wall of a cowshed and kept in place for 3 h (6.00 to 9.00 pm). During this time, fully blood-fed female mosquitoes that landed and remained continuously on the sheets for 5, 10, and 20 min were collected. The results, involving Anopheles subpictus, An. vagus, Culex gelidus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and Cx. vishnui, revealed significant reductions in oviposition rates, egg hatchability, pupation, and adult emergence in the PPF-treated groups compared to the control groups. Adult emergence rates were reduced to 85.6–94.9% and 95.5–100% in those exposed for 10 and 20 min, respectively. The sheets retained their effectiveness for three months. The PPF-treated (666 mg/m2) resting boxes (35 × 35 × 55 cm) were placed overnight at a chicken farm where Cx. quinquefasciatus predominated. Blood-fed mosquitoes were collected in the morning and reared in the laboratory. Oviposition rates were reduced by 71.7% and adult emergence was reduced by 97.8% compared to the controls. PPF residual spray on surface materials in animal sheds is a potential method for controlling mosquitoes. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of PPF-treated materials on wild populations.

scholarly journals OmpA-Mediated Biofilm Formation Is Essential for the Commensal Bacterium Sodalis glossinidius To Colonize the Tsetse Fly Gut

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (21) ◽  
pp. 7760-7768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele A. Maltz ◽  
Brian L. Weiss ◽  
Michelle O'Neill ◽  
Yineng Wu ◽  
Serap Aksoy
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
African Trypanosomes ◽  
Sodalis Glossinidius

ABSTRACTMany bacteria successfully colonize animals by forming protective biofilms. Molecular processes that underlie the formation and function of biofilms in pathogenic bacteria are well characterized. In contrast, the relationship between biofilms and host colonization by symbiotic bacteria is less well understood. Tsetse flies (Glossinaspp.) house 3 maternally transmitted symbionts, one of which is a commensal (Sodalis glossinidius) found in several host tissues, including the gut. We determined thatSodalisforms biofilms in the tsetse gut and that this process is influenced by theSodalisouter membrane protein A (OmpA). MutantSodalisstrains that do not produce OmpA (SodalisΔOmpA mutants) fail to form biofilmsin vitroand are unable to colonize the tsetse gut unless endogenous symbiotic bacteria are present. Our data indicate that in the absence of biofilms,SodalisΔOmpA mutant cells are exposed to and eliminated by tsetse's innate immune system, suggesting that biofilms helpSodalisevade the host immune system. Tsetse is the sole vector of pathogenic African trypanosomes, which also reside in the fly gut. Acquiring a better understanding of the dynamics that promoteSodaliscolonization of the tsetse gut may enhance the development of novel disease control strategies.

scholarly journals A Metagenomic Analysis of Mosquito Virome Collected From Different Animal Farms at Yunnan–Myanmar Border of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muddassar Hameed ◽  
Abdul Wahaab ◽  
Tongling Shan ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Sawar Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Metagenomic Analysis ◽  
Metagenomic Data ◽  
Armigeres Subalbatus ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
Animal Farms ◽  
Veterinary Importance ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Metagenomic analysis of mosquito-borne and mosquito-specific viruses is useful to understand the viral diversity and for the surveillance of pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. Yunnan province is located at the southwest of China and has rich abundance of mosquitoes. Arbovirus surveillance is not conducted regularly in this province particularly at animal farms, which have public health as well as veterinary importance. Here, we have analyzed 10 pools of mosquitoes belonging to Culex tritaeniorhyncus, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles sinensis, and Armigeres subalbatus species, collected from different animal farms located at Yunnan province of China by using metagenomic next-generation sequencing technique. The generated viral metagenomic data reveal that the viral community matched by the reads was highly diverse and varied in abundance among animal farms, which contained more than 19 viral taxonomic families, specific to vertebrates, invertebrates, fungi, plants, protozoa, and bacteria. Additionally, a large number of viral reads were related to viruses that are non-classified. The viral reads related to animal viruses included parvoviruses, anelloviruses, circoviruses, flaviviruses, rhabdoviruses, and seadornaviruses, which might be taken by mosquitoes from viremic animal hosts during blood feeding. Notably, the presence of viral reads matched with Japanese encephalitis virus, Getah virus, and porcine parvoviruses in mosquitoes collected from different geographic sites suggested a potential circulation of these viruses in their vertebrate hosts. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive knowledge of diverse viral populations present at animal farms of Yunnan province of China, which might be a potential source of diseases for humans and domestic animals.

scholarly journals Positive selection in multiple salivary gland proteins of Anophelinae reveals potential targets for vector control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Freitas ◽  
Mariana F. Nery
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Molecular Evolution ◽  
Positive Selection ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Evolution Analysis ◽  
New Strategies ◽  
Positively Selected Sites

AbstractAnopheles is a genus belonging to the Culicidae family, which has great medical importance due to its role as a vector of Plasmodium, the parasite responsible for malaria. From Anopheles’ functional genomics, great focus has been given to the salivary gland proteins (SGPs) group. This class of proteins is essential to blood-feeding behavior as they have attributes such as vasodilators and anti-clotting properties. Recently, a comprehensive review on Anopheles SGPs was performed, however the authors did not deeply explore the adaptive molecular evolution of these genes. In this context, this work aimed to perform a more detailed analysis of the adaptive molecular evolution of SGPs in Anopheles, carrying out positive selection and gene families evolution analysis on 824 SGPs. Our results show that most SGPs have positively selected sites that can be used as targets in the development of new strategies for vector control. Notably, we were not able to find any evidence of an accelerated shift in the copy-number variation of SGPs compared with other proteins, as suggested in previous works.Significance StatementSalivary gland proteins (SGPs) are essential to blood-feeding behavior in Anopheles and they are the most studied class of proteins in blood-feeding insects. However a proper molecular evolution analysis on SGPs in Anopheles is missing. In our analyses we observed that most SGPs have positively selected sites and we were not able to find any evidence of an accelerated shift in the copy-number of SGPs compared with other proteins, as stated in the literature. Our results can open new venues in the development of new strategies for vector control.

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