Isolation and Characterization of Bacillus Sp. Capable of Degradating Alkali Lignin

Alkali lignin-degrading Bacillus were isolated from forest soils in China and were identified as Bacillus subtilis TR-03 and Bacillus cereus TR-25 by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Wherein TR-03 displayed optimal 26.72% alkali lignin (2 g/L) degradation at 7 days and 71.23% of Azure-B (0.01%) decolorization at 36 h of cultivation at 37°C. Ligninolytic enzyme analysis revealed that TR-03 was capable of depolymerizing alkali lignin effectively by the producing of lignin peroxidase and laccase, wherein higher laccase activity was cell-associated. At last, the physical and chemical changes of lignin via SEM and FTIR analysis was further observed to prove the lignin degradation by Bacillus subtilis TR-03.

Characterization of the Bacterial Community of Rumen in Dairy Cows with Laminitis

Laminitis is the inflammation of the lamella, and it has caused great economic loss to the dairy industry and attracted wide attention around the world. In recent years, microbiota are considered to play a significant role in various diseases processes. Therefore, our study aimed to explore the characteristics of ruminal microbiota in laminitis cows. The serum of bovines with or without laminitis was collected to detect concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lactic acid, and histamine, and ruminal fluid was collected for 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The results showed a significant increase in LPS and lactic acid levels in the laminitis group compared to the control group cows. In addition, a higher abundance of Candidatus Saccharimonas, Saccharofermentans, Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-009 genus, Acetobacter pasteurianus, Clostridium papyrosolvens, Ruminococcaceae bacterium AE2021, Porphyromonas crevioricanis, Pseudomonas boreopolis, Pseudomonas psychrotolerans, Rothia nasimurium, and Rothia pickettii was detected in the rumen fluid of laminitis bovines. In conclusion, this article confirms that there are differences in rumen microbiota between healthy and laminitis bovines. The elevated abundance of bacteria that enrich acid-enhancing metabolites, as well as increase the concentration of lactic acid and LPS, could be harmful factors to bovines and increase the risk of laminitis.

Isolation and identification of fenobucarb degrading bacteria from Pangalengan farm land

The long term excessive use of pesticides can lead to their residues accumulation in the soils. Soil microbes were considered to convert the residues into harmless compounds, however the indigenous soil microbes having those beneficial properties are limited. Therefore this study aimed to isolate, select and identify the fenobucarb insecticide-degrading bacteria from agricultural soils. The soil samples were collected from the vegetable fields in Pangalengan, West Java, Indonesia. Isolation of the bacteria was conducted using Nitrate Mineral Salt Agar suplemented by 100 ppm of a fenobucarb. The bacteria isolates were selected based on its hypersensitive response, haemolytic activity, and its ability to degrade fenobucarb. The selected isolates was identified base on sequences of 16S rRNA gene. Twenty nine bacteria were isolated from four soil samples and 23 of the isolates were not potentially phytopathogenic and non haemolytic. The best three isolates that could degrade 94.2%, 94.5% and 95.47% fenobucarb residue are B41, B54 and B83 isolates, respectively. The 16S rDNA Sequence analysis showed that B41 and B83 isolates have 100% similarity to Bacillus thuringiensis MYBT 18426B54, while B54 isolate has 99% similarity to Bacillus luciferensis LMG 18422. These isolates are potential to be developed as a bioremediation agent.

Characterization and Genomic Analysis of an Efficient Dibutyl Phthalate-Degrading Bacterium Microbacterium sp. USTB-Y

A promising bacterial strain for biodegrading dibutyl phthalate (DBP) was successfully isolated from activated sludge and characterized as a potential novel Microbacterium sp. USTB-Y based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis and whole genome average nucleotide identity (ANI). Initial DBP of 50 mg/L could be completely removed by USTB-Y both in mineral salt medium and in DBP artificially contaminated soil within 12 h at the optimal culture conditions of pH 7.5 and 30℃, which indicates that USTB-Y has a strong ability in DBP biodegradation. Phthalic acid (PA) was identified as the end-product of DBP biodegraded by USTB-Y using GC/MS. The draft genome of USTB-Y was sequenced by Illumina NovaSeq, and 29 and 188 genes encoding for putative esterase/carboxylesterase and hydrolase/alpha/beta hydrolase were annotated based on NR (non redundant protein sequence database) analysis, respectively. Gene3781 and gene3780 from strain USTB-Y showed 100% identity with dpeH and mpeH from Microbacterium sp. PAE-1. But no phthalate catabolic gene (pht) cluster was found in the genome of strain USTB-Y. This information will be valuable for obtaining a more holistic understanding on diverse genetic mechanisms of PAEs-biodegrading Microbacterium sp. strains.

The Impacts of Different Biological Treatments on the Transformation of Explosives Waste Contaminated Sludge

The dinitrotoluene isomers 2,4 and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (DNT) represent highly toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic compounds used in explosive manufacturing and in commercial production of polyurethane foam. Bioremediation, the use of microbes to degrade residual DNT in industry wastewaters, represents a promising, low cost and environmentally friendly alternative technology to landfilling. In the present study, the effect of different bioremediation strategies on the degradation of DNT in a microcosm-based study was evaluated. Biostimulation of the indigenous microbial community with sulphur phosphate (2.3 g/kg sludge) enhanced DNT transformation (82% transformation, from 300 g/L at Day 0 to 55 g/L in week 6) compared to natural attenuation over the same period at 25 °C. The indigenous microbial activity was found to be capable of transforming the contaminant, with around 70% transformation of DNT occurring over the microcosm study. 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that while the original bacterial community was dominated by Gammaproteobacteria (30%), the addition of sulphur phosphate significantly increased the abundance of Betaproteobacteria by the end of the biostimulation treatment, with the bacterial community dominated by Burkholderia (46%) followed by Rhodanobacter, Acidovorax and Pseudomonas. In summary, the results suggest biostimulation as a treatment choice for the remediation of dinitrotoluenes and explosives waste.

Evaluating the technological properties of lactic acid bacteria in Wagyu cattle milk

This paper reveals the technological properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from raw milk (colostrum and mature milk) of Wagyu cattle raised in Okayama Prefecture, Japan. Isolates were identified based on their physiological and biochemical characteristics as well as 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Streptococcus lutetiensis and Lactobacillus plantarum showed high acid and diacetyl-acetoin production in milk after 24 h of incubation at 40 and 30°C, respectively. These strains are thought to have potential for use as starter cultures and adjunct cultures for fermented dairy products.

PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIAL CELLULOSE FROM KOMAGATAEIBACTER XYLINUS ISOLATED FROM HOME-MADE TURKISH WINE VINEGAR

"In this research, bacterial cellulose (BC) was produced from Komagataeibacter xylinus S4 isolated from home-made wine vinegar (Denizli-Çal) and characterized through morphological and biochemical analyses. K. xylinus was identified by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The wet (51.8-52.8 g) and dry (0.43-0.735 g) weights of the produced BC were measured. The morphology of cellulose pellicles was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a dense nanofiber network was observed. TGA analysis showed that the weight loss in the dehydration step in the BC samples occurred between 50 °C and 150 °C, while the decomposition step took place between 215 °C and 228 °C. Also, the cytotoxic effect, moisture content, water retention capacity and swelling behavior of BC were evaluated. In vitro assays demonstrated that BC had no significant cytotoxic effect. It was found that BC had antibacterial and antibiofilm potential (antibacterial effect>antibiofilm effect). All the results clearly showed that the produced BC can be considered as a safe material for different purposes, such as wound dressings."

Extracellular Pyomelanin Pigment Production, Purification and Characterization with Streptomyces griseus MPPS2

Melanins are natural pigments widely distributed in nature from bacteria to humans. These complex, negatively charged, amorphous, high molecular mass natural biopolymers have many different bioactive properties such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, liver protective effects etc. In this study, some chemical and physical properties of the extracellular pyomelanin pigment purified from Streptomyces griseus MPPS2 was investigated via XRD (X-Ray diffraction), FT-IR (Fourier transform infra-red) and 1H NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance). Additionally, the melanin pigment-producing Streptomyces griseus MPPS2 strain was identified at species level by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS) and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. 16S rDNA sequence analysis result was deposited in NCBI under accession number MT825616.

Associated Vibrio Species in Shrimp Vibriosis from Traditional Brackish Water Pond in the North Coastal of Central Java, Indonesia

Indonesian shrimp cultures are threatened by vibriosis. Some traditional brackish water ponds remained along the north coast of Central Java after the disease outbreaks destroyed the shrimp culture. This study aimed to discover the Vibrio diversity associated with shrimp vibriosis in traditional brackish water ponds. An exploratory method with purposive sampling was used in this study. Twenty-four shrimps presumably infected with vibriosis were collected from two district regions on the north coast of Central Java in July–September 2018. The bacteria associated in shrimp vibriosis were isolated from the telson and inner part of the hepatopancreas with TCBS medium. Forty-one bacteria associated with shrimp vibriosis were obtained, and then repetitive-polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) was performed to obtain Vibrio strains. On the basis of rep-PCR results, five respresentative strains were selected for further study. The results of 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that the JKP03, JKP05, JKP19, JKM01, and JKM06 isolates were closely related to Vibrio rotiferianus, Vibrio diabolicus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Shewanella algae, respectively. Vibrio biodiversity in shrimp vibriosis was high. These results confirmed that traditional shrimp farming was susceptible to vibriosis. Therefore, control methods such as vaccines, probiotics, and immunostimulant formulas must be developed to prevent and control the outbreak of shrimp vibriosis in traditional brackish water pond.

In Vivo Characterization and Genome-based Approach to Lactobacillus Johnsonii Byun-jo-01 and Its Probiotic Properties

To develop new antiviral probiotics, bacteria were isolated from the microbiome in a murine intestine. In 16S rDNA sequence analysis, most isolates were identified as Lactobacillus johnsonii. These isolates were further assessed using whole-genome sequencing through the Illumina and PacBio platform, which revealed that the isolates were new strains. A novel probiotic strain, Lactobacillus johnsonii Byun-jo-01, was evaluated to determine its probiotic characteristics of safety, immune modulation, and antiviral efficacy against murine norovirus. Oral administration of L. johnsonii Byun-jo-01 was demonstrated to be safe in mice in terms of body weight, food intake, and bacterial translocation. Additionally, the expression levels of IFN-beta and IFN-gamma induced by L. johnsonii Byun-jo-01 in the small intestines of mice were higher than those in mice fed L. paracasei ATCC 334 and L. reuteri KACC 11452. Among the three different bacterial strains used in this study, L. johnsonii Byun-jo-01 showed the highest antiviral efficacy against murine norovirus, reducing the viral titer in fecal samples by 28 times compared with mice infected with murine norovirus. To support those in vivo experiments, genome-based data mining was performed to investigate which genes related to probiotic-specific markers were highly expressed in this isolate. Specifically, DnaK, GroEL, GroES, and GrpE, which are involved in the acid adaptation required to overcome the harsh in vivo condition, were highly expressed. Taken together, these results suggest that host-originated probiotics can be more effective than bacteria isolated from other sources, such as fermented food.