scholarly journals Erythraeid larvae parasitizing dragonflies in Zambia—description of Leptus (Leptus) chingombensis sp. nov. with data on biology and ecology of host-parasite interactions

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 790
Author(s):  
Rafał Bernard ◽  
Magdalena Felska ◽  
Joanna Mąkol
Keyword(s):  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
Habitat Conditions ◽  
Local Character ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Group Variation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Host Parasite

A survey of odonate fauna in Zambia (Central Province, Luano District) resulted in discovery of ectoparasitic larvae of Leptus (L.) chingombensis sp. nov. (Trombidiformes: Parasitengona, Erythraeidae) on four species of dragonflies (Odonata) representing four different families assigned to Zygoptera and Anisoptera. The morphological characteristics of the new species is supported with DNA barcode sequence. Despite some intra-group variation related to relatively large sample, the morphological and genetic consistence confirm the common specific identity of the material. A brief comparison of Leptus spp. hitherto known from the Afrotropic as larvae is given. Supplementary data to the descriptions of Leptus (L.) bicristatus Fain et Elsen, 1987, Leptus (L.) aldonae Haitlinger, 1987 and Leptus (L.) soddagus Haitlinger, 1990, based on examination of type material, are provided. In the case of L. (L.) chingombensis sp. nov., the parasite load reached high, previously not recorded for Odonata–terrestrial Parasitengona association values, attaining at 44 and 49 larvae. Clear topic preferences towards the ventral side of the host’s body were recorded, with an additional tendency to distal parts of synthorax and the ventral depression of the abdomen. We hypothesize that the infestation did not take place synchronously at dragonflies emergence, but consisted in repeated infestation events during the recurrent appearance of dragonflies in the contact microhabitat occupied by Leptus. The very local character of the finding along with the regular appearance of larvae parasitizing dragonflies, obviously favoured by specific habitat conditions, no doubts confirms the non-accidental nature of the phenomenon.

Does the genetic variability of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud determine the spatial distribution of the species?

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-414
Author(s):  
Dariusz Świerk ◽  
Michał Krzyżaniak ◽  
Tomasz Kosiada ◽  
Piotr Urbański ◽  
Jolanta Behnke-Borowczyk
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Similarity ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Common Reed ◽  
Habitat Requirements ◽  
High Tolerance ◽  
Habitat Conditions ◽  
Anthropogenic Substrates ◽  
Reed Plants ◽  
The Common

Abstract This paper is an attempt to answer the question whether common reed specimens growing in a particular habitat are genetically related. We have tried to identify groups of plants homogeneous in terms of habitat requirements and genetic similarity. Our objective was also to answer the question whether habitat conditions can affect the morphological characteristics of plants. Plants and bottom sediments were collected from 40 sites in central Poland, which differ in soil moisture and the degree of urbanization. Our research and analysis confirm the hypothesis to a certain extent. During the study, we identified three groups of plants homogeneous in terms of habitat and genetic factors (CVA model), which constitute 20% of all examined plants. In our opinion, further research is required on a larger population of P. australis in a larger area. The research revealed that plants growing in moist and wet areas were characterized by higher content of chlorophyll in leaves, longer stems as well as thicker and wider laminae. The common reed plants preferred anthropogenic substrates, which did not contain many nutrients, but were abundant in calcium. Our study confirmed the high tolerance of P. australis to soil salinity.

The ultrastructure of the dimorphic infection cells of Haptoglossa heteromorpha illustrates the developmental plasticity of infection apparatus structures in a nematode parasite

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (8) ◽  
pp. 1095-1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally L Glockling ◽  
Gordon W Beakes
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
Nematophagous Fungus ◽  
Fibrillar Material ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Direct Confirmation

The nematophagous fungus Haptoglossa heteromorpha Glockling & Beakes is unusual in this genus, as it consistently produces two morphologically distinct infection cells that develop respectively from the large and small aplanospores. The large infection cells are typical "gun cells" and are uninucleate with over half the cytoplasmic volume occupied by the basal vacuole. However, the small infection cells are considerably modified in their structure. They have an elongate tapered morphology with a bilobed base. Small infection cells are binucleate and contain both apical and basal vacuolar regions. The inverted injection tube is highly modified and originates at a raised padlike region on the mid ventral side of the cell. This protruding pad is associated with a diffuse covering of fibrillar material. The bore region extends deep into the cell and the highly compressed missile chamber is located beneath the hindmost nucleus, near the base of the cell. Finally, there is a more typical tube tail segment, which winds between the nuclei and eventually terminates beneath the anterior vacuole. The differences with gun cells of previously described Haptoglossa species are documented. The functional and biological significance of these two different infection cells is discussed. Only the large gun cells were observed to discharge to form sporidia. It seems unlikely that the highly modified smaller cells can infect in this way. It may be that the two different cell types have evolved to infect different hosts, but no direct confirmation of this could be obtained.Key words: Haptoglossa, host-parasite interactions, infection (gun) cell, nematophagous fungi, ultrastructure.

scholarly journals A nematode retrotransposon in the common shrew: horizontal transfer between parasite and host

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja M. Dunemann ◽  
James D. Wasmuth
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Transfer ◽  
Common Shrew ◽  
Intimate Relationship ◽  
Sorex Araneus ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Retrotransposable Elements ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Long Reads ◽  
The Common ◽  
Host Parasite

AbstractReports of horizontal transposon and gene transfers involving metazoan species has increased with the sequencing of their genomes. Horizontal transfer could be facilitated by the intimate relationship between a parasite and its hosts. To date, two studies have identified horizontal transfer of RTEs, a class of retrotransposable elements, involving parasites: ticks might act as vector for BovB between ruminants and squamates, and AviRTE was transferred between birds and parasitic nematodes. We wanted to know if parasitic nematodes are involved in other cases of horizontal transfer of RTEs. We searched 33 mSammalian RTEs in 81 nematode assemblies, and 10 nematode RTEs in 98 mammalian assemblies. We identified RTE1õ Sar from Sorex araneus, the common shrew, in parasitic nematodes and show that it originates from nematodes. To exclude contamination of the S. araneus assembly, we developed an approach that uses long reads and paired-end reads. With phylogenetic analysis and copy age estimation, we show that RTE1_Sar was horizontally transferred from nematodes to S. araneus. We confirm horizontal transfer of RTEs in host-parasite interactions, and we present a new method to distinguish between contamination and horizontal transfer.

scholarly journals Wildfires modify the parasite loads of invasive cane toads

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon W. Kaiser ◽  
Matthew J. Greenlees ◽  
Richard Shine
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Rhinella Marina ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Anthropogenic Modifications ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Rhabdias Pseudosphaerocephala

The frequency and severity of wildfires are increasing due to anthropogenic modifications to habitats and to climate. Post-fire landscapes may advantage invasive species via multiple mechanisms, including changes to host–parasite interactions. We surveyed the incidence of endoparasitic lungworms ( Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala ) in invasive cane toads ( Rhinella marina ) in near-coastal sites of eastern Australia, a year after extensive fires in this region. Both the prevalence of infection and number of worms in infected toads increased with toad body size in unburned areas. By contrast, parasite load decreased with toad body size in burned areas. By killing moisture-dependent free-living lungworm larvae, the intense fires may have liberated adult cane toads from a parasite that can substantially reduce the viability of its host. Smaller toads, which are restricted to moist environments, did not receive this benefit from fires.

EVALUATION OF THE COMMON HOP VARIETY SAMPLES ACCORDING TO THE PHENOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES

2018 ◽  
pp. 40-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
А. А. Fadeev ◽  
Z. А. Nikonova
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Humulus Lupulus L ◽  
The Common ◽  
Regions Of Russia ◽  
Vegetative Season

The results of study of the 12 year cycle of studies on the only in Russia collection of hops ordinary (Humulus lupulus L.), which contains 250 samples from different regions of Russia and 17 foreign countries. The number of process varieties, composition and origin, it is unique and corresponds to world level. A collection of accessions of hops is a population of female plants with a set of phenological, morphological and economic importance of signs. In the article, the estimation of the collectible varieties of hops at different ripeness groups according to phenological and morphological characteristics according to the method of test for distinctness, uniformity and stability. As the result of the research the Common Hop (Humuluslupulus) sorts were classified in accordance with their maturity time as early maturity (less than 100 days) – 10%, middle-early (101…110 days) – 14, middle duration (111…120 days) – 40, middle-late (121…130 days) – 10% and slow-maturing (more than 130 days) – 26%. Each group has a phenotypic and morphologies features. The early maturity, middle-early and middle duration varieties with vegetative season approximately 120 days are more adaptive to the conditions of the Chuvashia and central part of the Russia and provide obtaining high yield of the hop cones.

Host parasite interactions and pathophysiology in Giardia infections

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 925-933 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Cotton ◽  
Jennifer K. Beatty ◽  
Andre G. Buret
Keyword(s):  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite
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