Modification of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase with Nitric Oxide: Role in Signal Transduction and Development of Apoptosis

This review focuses on the consequences of GAPDH S-nitrosylation at the catalytic cysteine residue. The widespread hypothesis according to which S-nitrosylation causes a change in GAPDH structure and its subsequent binding to the Siah1 protein is considered in detail. It is assumed that the GAPDH complex with Siah1 is transported to the nucleus by carrier proteins, interacts with nuclear proteins, and induces apoptosis. However, there are several conflicting and unproven elements in this hypothesis. In particular, there is no direct confirmation of the interaction between the tetrameric GAPDH and Siah1 caused by S-nitrosylation of GAPDH. The question remains as to whether the translocation of GAPDH into the nucleus is caused by S-nitrosylation or by some other modification of the catalytic cysteine residue. The hypothesis of the induction of apoptosis by oxidation of GAPDH is considered. This oxidation leads to a release of the coenzyme NAD+ from the active center of GAPDH, followed by the dissociation of the tetramer into subunits, which move to the nucleus due to passive transport and induce apoptosis. In conclusion, the main tasks are summarized, the solutions to which will make it possible to more definitively establish the role of nitric oxide in the induction of apoptosis.

Perancangan Arsitektur Sistem Aplikasi DOOR to DOOR Kantor UPPD SAMSAT Kota Salatiga Berbasis Android

The increase in the number of motor vehicles is difficult to anticipate, the roads used are not in accordance with capacity. To prevent congestion, the government imposes a progressive tax on motor vehicles that have moved owners but are still on behalf of the previous owner. Manunggal Administration System under One Roof (SAMSAT) conducts Door To Door activities to request direct confirmation to taxpayers whose vehicles are subject to progressive taxes. It is difficult for taxpayers to find out what makes data manipulation happen. Created Android-based Door to Door Application System using waterfall method to facilitate Door to Door activities and avoid manipulation of taxpayer data. By using waterfall method this application is made starting from the analysis of needs, design of system design, implementation, to the application of the program. Application system design is built using UML (Uniferd Modeling Language) system design and system design implementation using Android Studio and RestAPI.

CONTROLLING THE MUHAMMADIYAH LHOKSEUMAWE ORPHANAGE IN FORMING INDEPENDENT CHARACTER OF FOSTER CHILDREN

The formation of children's independent character is one of the goals of education that is wanted to be realized in the educational process, both in formal, non-formal and informal educational institutions. This study aims to explain controlling the Muhammadiyah Lhokseumawe Orphanage in forming the independent character of foster children. This research is a qualitative research using a phenomenological approach. The results showed that controlling the Muhammadiyah Lhokseumawe Orphanage in forming an independent character included controlling the Chair of the Caregivers which consisted of the Caregiver's personality and materials or learning methods with two approaches, namely direct confirmation of Caregiver and foster children in formal and non-formal situations. Caregiver Controlling of Foster Children which consists of cognitive aspects, namely the ability to understand and master learning material, affective aspects, namely changes in the behavior of foster children in their daily life, and psychomotor aspects, namely the ability of foster children to develop skills or talents.

Manual Responses Are Verbally Mediated in Stroop Identification Tasks

In a typical Stroop experiment, participants view a color word written in a color that is either congruent or incongruent with the word’s meaning and identify either the target’s color (Stroop condition) or meaning (reverse Stroop condition). Incongruent words generally interfere with identifying the target color more than incongruent colors interfere with identifying the target word. A common explanation for this classic asymmetry asserts that vocally identifying the target’s color or meaning relies on a verbal code, which biases attention to the target’s meaning over its color. However, the asymmetry also occurs with nonverbal keypress responses, so participants may covertly map verbal codes onto keys to remember which key represents each color. To verify this verbal mediation hypothesis, we presented Stroop color-word targets along with 4 cues to help participants remember which key represented each color. In one condition the cues were color words, and in the other the cues were color patches. We hypothesized that the word cues would elicit the classic asymmetry and color cues would abolish this asymmetry. The results supported our hypotheses; for word cues the Stroop effect was larger than the reverse Stroop effect, p < .001, ηp2 = .64, and color cues abolished this difference, p < .001, ηp2 = .31. This study is the first to provide direct confirmation of the verbal mediation hypothesis and suggests that task demands are more important than the response modality (vocal versus manual) for biasing processing toward one of the Stroop target’s features.

Results of the Research in the Comparison and Analysis of Historical Artifacts' Photographic Images Catalogued in Online Databases

In the field of archaeology, when a discovery is made, the comparison of images is often used to catalogue a find and give it an interpretation. The image on an exhibit is always subject to analysis, comparisons, graphic reconstructions, which can define it, classify it, and most of all, understand it as a whole. The problem arises when the discovered find proposes a completely new and unpublished image. It therefore requires an in-depth study in all its elements. Photographic images, online databases, and archive collections of museums provide some valid help for solutions or interpretations; and the theories that come out of this comparison can then shed light on the meaning of an image present in a find, when there is no direct confirmation.

Walking Together: Cross-Protection, Genome Conservation, and the Replication Machinery of Citrus tristeza virus

“Cross-protection”, a nearly 100 years-old virological term, is suggested to be changed to “close protection”. Evidence for the need of such change has accumulated over the past six decades from the laboratory experiments and field tests conducted by plant pathologists and plant virologists working with different plant viruses, and, in particular, from research on Citrus tristeza virus (CTV). A direct confirmation of such close protection came with the finding that “pre-immunization” of citrus plants with the variants of the T36 strain of CTV but not with variants of other virus strains was providing protection against a fluorescent protein-tagged T36-based recombinant virus variant. Under natural conditions close protection is functional and is closely associated both with the conservation of the CTV genome sequence and prevention of superinfection by closely similar isolates. It is suggested that the mechanism is primarily directed to prevent the danger of virus population collapse that could be expected to result through quasispecies divergence of large RNA genomes of the CTV variants continuously replicating within long-living and highly voluminous fruit trees. This review article provides an overview of the CTV cross-protection research, along with a discussion of the phenomenon in the context of the CTV biology and genetics.

The optimal diagnostic methods for COVID-19

As the world continues to study and understand coronavirus disease (COVID-19), existing investigations and tests have been used to try and detect the virus to slow viral transmission and its global spread. A ‘gold-standard’ investigation has not yet been identified for detection and monitoring. Initially, computed tomography (CT) was the mainstay investigation as it shows the disease severity and recovery, and its images change at different stages of the disease. However, CT has been found to have limited sensitivity and negative predictive value in the early stages of the disease, and the value of its use has come under debate due to whether its images change the treatment plan, the risk of radiation, as well as its practicality with infection control. Therefore, there has been a shift to the use of other imaging modalities and tests, such as chest X-rays and ultrasound. Furthermore, the use of nucleic acid-based testing such as reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) have proven useful with direct confirmation of COVID-19 infection. In this study, we aim to review and analyse current literature to compare RT-PCR, immunological biomarkers, chest radiographs, ultrasound and chest CT scanning as methods of diagnosing COVID-19.

Direct visualization of the extracellular binding structure of E-cadherins in liquid

E-cadherin is a key Ca-dependent cell adhesion molecule, which is expressed on many cell surfaces and involved in cell morphogenesis, embryonic development, EMT, etc. The fusion protein E-cad-Fc consists of the extracellular domain of E-cadherin and the IgG Fc domain. On plates coated with this chimeric protein, ES/iPS cells are cultivated particularly well and induced to differentiate. The cells adhere to the plate via E-cad-Fc in the presence of Ca2+ and detach by a chelating agent. For the purpose of clarifying the structures of E-cad-Fc in the presence and absence of Ca2+, we analyzed the molecular structure of E-cad-Fc by AFM in liquid. Our AFM observations revealed a rod-like structure of the entire extracellular domain of E-cad-Fc in the presence of Ca2+ as well as trans-binding of E-cad-Fc with adjacent molecules, which may be the first, direct confirmation of trans-dimerization of E-cadherin. The observed structures were in good agreement with an X-ray crystallographic model. Furthermore, we succeeded in visualizing the changes in the rod-like structure of the EC domains with and without calcium. The biomatrix surface plays an important role in cell culture, so the analysis of its structure and function may help promote cell engineering based on cell recognition.

Direct confirmation of the radial-velocity planet β Pictoris c

Context. Methods used to detect giant exoplanets can be broadly divided into two categories: indirect and direct. Indirect methods are more sensitive to planets with a small orbital period, whereas direct detection is more sensitive to planets orbiting at a large distance from their host star. This dichotomy makes it difficult to combine the two techniques on a single target at once. Aims. Simultaneous measurements made by direct and indirect techniques offer the possibility of determining the mass and luminosity of planets and a method of testing formation models. Here, we aim to show how long-baseline interferometric observations guided by radial-velocity can be used in such a way. Methods. We observed the recently-discovered giant planet β Pictoris c with GRAVITY, mounted on the Very Large Telescope Interferometer. Results. This study constitutes the first direct confirmation of a planet discovered through radial velocity. We find that the planet has a temperature of T = 1250 ± 50 K and a dynamical mass of M = 8.2 ± 0.8 MJup. At 18.5 ± 2.5 Myr, this puts β Pic c close to a ‘hot start’ track, which is usually associated with formation via disk instability. Conversely, the planet orbits at a distance of 2.7 au, which is too close for disk instability to occur. The low apparent magnitude (MK = 14.3 ± 0.1) favours a core accretion scenario. Conclusions. We suggest that this apparent contradiction is a sign of hot core accretion, for example, due to the mass of the planetary core or the existence of a high-temperature accretion shock during formation.