Form effect and increase of mm detector sensitivity

Author(s):  
A. I. Vakser
Author(s):  
E. B. Steel

High Purity Germanium (HPGe) x-ray detectors are now commercially available for the analytical electron microscope (AEM). The detectors have superior efficiency at high x-ray energies and superior resolution compared to traditional lithium-drifted silicon [Si(Li)] detectors. However, just as for the Si(Li), the use of the HPGe detectors requires the determination of sensitivity factors for the quantitative chemical analysis of specimens in the AEM. Detector performance, including incomplete charge, resolution, and durability has been compared to a first generation detector. Sensitivity factors for many elements with atomic numbers 10 through 92 have been determined at 100, 200, and 300 keV. This data is compared to Si(Li) detector sensitivity factors.The overall sensitivity and utility of high energy K-lines are reviewed and discussed. Many instruments have one or more high energy K-line backgrounds that will affect specific analytes. One detector-instrument-specimen holder combination had a consistent Pb K-line background while another had a W K-line background.


Author(s):  
Andriy Kolomiyets ◽  

The article presents an overview of methods for determining the effectiveness of advertising appeals of the enterprise in conditions of competition. It is shown that the sale of goods in large batches leads to a reduction in sales costs associated with the organization of sales, transportation and storage. Therefore, when providing a quantitative discount, their value should not exceed the amount of cost savings of the seller, which is caused by the sale of goods in large batches. Similar to the effects of real responses to advertising appeals, the effects of the price of the enterprise's products are distinguished: the current effect, the form effect, the competition effect and the transition effect. The process of modeling the effects of the promotion price and the control price is considered, and of interest is the temporary price for the buyer with a discount, which is actually provided by sales managers at the enterprise. Then there will be an effect of discounts on temporary base prices. The price discount is considered as a part of the price of the goods which can be introduced by the enterprises-manufacturers for the purpose of stimulation and interest of the enterprises-sellers to sell production. In the study of product sales, a problem was found related to sales of products in the area of the price discount offered by the price list, which represents the constant prices of the company for a certain period of time. The promotion price is defined as the discount on the products of the enterprise price according to the price list. It is determined that buyers, focusing on the system of discounts, avoid buying hardware in the approach to the transition of prices and increase the volume of purchases after the transition discount. A comparison of retail and base prices, and base and wholesale prices for hardware. It is proved that the company when approaching the price discount loses the profit that could be obtained, and this problem causes losses to both parties and the seller and buyer. It is shown that the policy of promoting price discounts of Metal-Holding encourages consumers to buy more hardware, which is not beneficial to the buyer, because it causes additional costs for storage of the balance. It is concluded that the problem at some weight interval when approaching the existing price discount on the left and right requires the establishment of a floating price discount on the company's products.


CrystEngComm ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriaki Kubota ◽  
Masanori Kobari ◽  
Izumi Hirasawa

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-253
Author(s):  
Svetlana Syvorotkina ◽  

The dialectical unity of the essence and the cultural code phenomenon regarding of the visual arts are dealt with in that article. Artworks are considered based on Lotman`s understanding of artwork as culture text. Discusses multiplicity of art forms and multifunctionality of arts form. Effect of changes in time and historical periods an impact on satisfaction of secular and profane human`s requirements. The author focuses on visual and illustrative forms of fine arts and focuses on analysis of traditional fine arts categories. The cultural code in visual art system is considered at Paleolithic artifacts, ancient Egypt`s art and medieval art examples.


1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1231-1237
Author(s):  
M C Bowman ◽  
Morton Beroza

Abstract Residues of fenthion, disulfoton, and phorate may each consist of the parent insecticide and five metabolites formed by oxidation of the thionophosphate and sulfide groups in each molecule. The analysis of these residues has been simplified and speeded by oxidizing the insecticide and its metabolites to the oxygen analog sulfone with m-chloroperbenzoic acid. After removal of the acid on an alumina column, the compound is determined by GLC with a flame photometric detector. Sensitivity (twice noise) is at least 0.001 ppm. When equal amounts of the six compounds were added to corn, milk, grass, and feces at levels of 0.2 to 5.0 ppm, the recoveries were 95–96% for fenthion and 74–82% for disulfoton and phorate. In analyses of field-treated samples, recoveries were 89–92% of those obtained by previous procedures, which are much more time-consuming.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document