Instruments used to assess oral health-related quality of life of children

To evaluate oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in children, both the clinical indices and parenteral reporting can be used to achieve this effect. The present review provides evidence regarding the currently available instruments to assess the OHRQoL in children. Many instruments were reported, and some were designated for preschoolers. In contrast, others for schoolchildren and adolescents, and some researchers reported that some tools could be used to assess OHRQoL in different age groups. Moreover, some tools can also be used to assess the OHRQoL of children based on their parent's perspectives. The POQL, FIS, PedsQL™ oral health scale™, and P-CPQ are the only modalities that can effectively assess OHRQoL in all adolescents and all childhood cycles. Moreover, the OHRQoL hypodontia questionnaire, MIQ, IFAQ, DFTO, CPQ11-14, CPQ8-10, child-OIDP, child-OHIP, and child-DPQ are the currently available tools that can be used to assess OHRQoL in adolescents and schoolchildren. Regarding the assessment of OHRQoL in preschoolers, it has been shown that the only available tools for this context include the SOHO-5, OH-ECQOL, Michigan-OHRQoL, ECOHIS, and DDQ questionnaires.

Measuring Purpose in Life in College Students: An Assessment of Invariance Properties by College Year and Undergraduate School

<p style="text-align: justify;">Purpose in life is a key construct in the development of young adults, particularly college students. There are many instruments measuring sense of purpose in life, but few studies have examined their measurement properties among college students. The current study compares the measurement invariance properties of the Purpose in Life (PIL) scale and the Claremont Purpose Scale (CPS) across college year and undergraduate school. Using both a unidimensional and a two-dimensional model, we found that the PIL’s interpretability is limited among college students. Using a three-dimensional model, the CPS was invariant with respect to both grouping variables. The study suggests that the CPS can be used to make meaningful comparisons among college students categorized by school year and undergraduate school. The study also has some implications about the construct of purpose in life; namely, scale structures that work well statistically and theoretically among adults might not generalize to young adults.</p>

The Improvisation of Tubby Hayes in 'The New York Sessions'

<p>Tubby (Edward Brian) Hayes; prodigious self taught multi-instrumentalist and virtuoso tenor saxophone player has been proclaimed by some to be the best saxophonist that Britain has ever produced: "Indisputably the most accomplished and characterful British jazzman of his generation." His career, although cut short (he died undergoing treatment for a heart condition in June 1973, aged 38) was perpetually intense, incredibly prolific, and non-stop from his debut at the age of fifteen until his premature death. Hayes was proficient on many instruments; all saxophones, clarinet, flute, violin and vibraphone as well as being an accomplished bandleader and arranger. However it was his virtuoso tenor saxophone playing that found him acclaim. Although well known in his time and widely renowned for his ability, Hayes until recently has been little studied. It is only in the last few years that many critics and students of jazz have attempted to gain an understanding of Hayes' improvisational concept, which has been both praised as genius and criticised as directionless: Tubby Hayes has often been lionized as the greatest saxophonist Britain ever produced. He is a fascinating but problematical player. Having put together a big, rumbustious tone and a delivery that features sixteenth notes spilling impetuously out of the horn, Hayes often left a solo full of brilliant loose ends and ingenious runs that led nowhere in particular... However, Hayes, his legacy, and his inimitable style of tenor saxophone playing would truly leave their mark on the British Jazz community for generations to come. Dave Gelly summed up Hayes by saying that Tubby "played Cockney tenor - garrulous, pugnacious, never at a loss for a word and completely unstoppable."</p>

The Improvisation of Tubby Hayes in 'The New York Sessions'

<p>Tubby (Edward Brian) Hayes; prodigious self taught multi-instrumentalist and virtuoso tenor saxophone player has been proclaimed by some to be the best saxophonist that Britain has ever produced: "Indisputably the most accomplished and characterful British jazzman of his generation." His career, although cut short (he died undergoing treatment for a heart condition in June 1973, aged 38) was perpetually intense, incredibly prolific, and non-stop from his debut at the age of fifteen until his premature death. Hayes was proficient on many instruments; all saxophones, clarinet, flute, violin and vibraphone as well as being an accomplished bandleader and arranger. However it was his virtuoso tenor saxophone playing that found him acclaim. Although well known in his time and widely renowned for his ability, Hayes until recently has been little studied. It is only in the last few years that many critics and students of jazz have attempted to gain an understanding of Hayes' improvisational concept, which has been both praised as genius and criticised as directionless: Tubby Hayes has often been lionized as the greatest saxophonist Britain ever produced. He is a fascinating but problematical player. Having put together a big, rumbustious tone and a delivery that features sixteenth notes spilling impetuously out of the horn, Hayes often left a solo full of brilliant loose ends and ingenious runs that led nowhere in particular... However, Hayes, his legacy, and his inimitable style of tenor saxophone playing would truly leave their mark on the British Jazz community for generations to come. Dave Gelly summed up Hayes by saying that Tubby "played Cockney tenor - garrulous, pugnacious, never at a loss for a word and completely unstoppable."</p>

Multifunctional Optical Device with a Continuous Tunability over 500 nm Spectral Range Using Polymerized Cholesteric Liquid Crystals

We report that polymerization makes a robust, practically applicable multifunctional optical device with a continuous wavelength tunable over 500 nm spectral range using UV-polymerizable cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs). It can be used as a circular polarizer generating an extremely high degree of circularly polarized light with |g| = 1.85~2.00. It can also be used for optical notch filters, bandwidth-variable (from ~28 nm to ~93 nm) bandpass filters, mirrors, and intensity-variable beam splitters. Furthermore, this CLC device shows excellent stability owing to the polymerization of CLC cells. Its performance remains constant for a long time (~2 years) after a high-temperature exposure (170 °C for 1 h) and an extremely high laser beam intensity exposure (~143 W/cm2 of CW 532 nm diode laser and ~2.98 MW/cm2 of Nd: YAG pulse laser operation for two hours, respectively). The optical properties of polymerized CLC were theoretically analyzed by Berreman’s 4 × 4 matrix method. The characteristics of this device were significantly improved by introducing an anti-reflection layer on the device. This wavelength-tunable and multifunctional device could dramatically increase optical research efficiency in various spectroscopic works. It could be applied to many instruments using visible and near-infrared wavelengths.

The “ideal” spectrograph for atmospheric observations

Spectroscopy of scattered sunlight in the near-UV to near-IR spectral ranges has proven to be an extremely useful tool for the analysis of atmospheric trace gas distributions. A central parameter for the achievable sensitivity and spatial resolution of spectroscopic instruments is the étendue (product of aperture angle and entrance area) of the spectrograph, which is at the heart of the instrument. The étendue of an instrument can be enhanced by (1) upscaling all instrument dimensions or (2) by changing the instrument F number, (3) by increasing the entrance area, or (4) by operating many instruments (of identical design) in parallel. The étendue can be enhanced by (in principle) arbitrary factors by options (1) and (4); the effect of options (2) and (3) is limited. We present some new ideas and considerations of how instruments for the spectroscopic determination of atmospheric gases could be optimized using new possibilities in spectrograph design and manufacturing. Particular emphasis is on arrays of massively parallel instruments for observations using scattered sunlight. Such arrays can reduce size and weight of instruments by orders of magnitude while preserving spectral resolution and light throughput. We also discuss the optimal size of individual spectrographs in a spectrograph array and give examples of spectrograph systems for use on a (low Earth orbit) satellite, including one with sub-kilometre ground pixel size.

Personal Values Across Cultures

Values play an outsized role in the visions, critiques, and discussions of politics, religion, education, and family life. Despite all the attention values receive in everyday discourse, their systematic study took hold in mainstream psychology only in the 1990s. This review discusses the nature of values and presents the main contemporary value theories, focusing on the theory of basic personal values. We review evidence for the content and the structure of conflict and compatibility among values found across cultures. We discuss the assumptions underlying the many instruments developed to measure values. We then consider the origins of value priorities and their stability or change over time. The remainder of the review presents the evidence for the ways personal values relate to personality traits, subjective well-being, and the implications of value differences for religiosity, prejudice, pro- and antisocial behavior, political and environmental behavior, and creativity, concluding with a discussion of mechanisms that link values to behavior. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Simultaneous Or Sequential Multi-Element Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Techniques: Advances Within The Last 20 Years

Electrothermal or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS or GFAAS) is one of the most widely used techniques for determining elements in different matrices (e.g., foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, biological specimens, nanomaterials, polymers, fuels and environmental media). Numerous elements can be simply and quickly determined with high precision and accuracy, low detection limits, and at moderate cost. The technique is also suitable for direct solid and slurry sample analysis. A crucial feature of this technique is that it can perform simultaneous or sequential multi-element analysis. Over the years, many instruments have come on the market for multi-elemental analysis using mostly line source (LS) GFAAS and high-resolution continuum source (HR-CS) GFAAS. This review covers publications from 2000 to 2020related to the simultaneous or sequential multi-elemental analysis by LS-GFAAS and HR-CS-GFAAS. Mainly the applications, the limits of detection, the use of internal standardization and other aspects regarding the matrix, pyrolysis and atomization temperatures and modifiers are discussed. Finally, a critical comparison is made between the LS-GFAAS and HR-CS-GFAAS techniques.

THE «ALTERNATIVE» MEANS OF USAGE OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS IN RUSSIA OF THE 18TH CENTURY

The 18th century was marked by the appearance of a great number of unusual objects in Russia. Besides military ships, wardrobes and beds, wigs and Holland-fashioned suites they were all kinds of scientific instruments – compasses, astrolabes, sundials, clocks, bisecting dividers, electrostatic machines etс. They were visible and tangible signs of western culture, processes of Russian modernization and westernization. And besides the obvious for us today means of usage they had some other ones. Many instruments were multi-faceted. As a rule they all were rear and expensive things, hand-made by individual order in just few or even the only exemplar. Not everyone could use them. So the instruments demonstrated the high level of education and the high social status of the possessor. The instruments were used for entertainment both at the court and for general public. This kind of court activities was an important tool of attracting attention and state investments to the scientific researches. Clocks, sundials and telescopes played diplomatic role as gifts both on the level of transnational communication and on the local one (the establishment of good relations between arriving expeditions and local authorities). At last local peasants preserved the strange objects possessed by alien-dressed men as a super-modern weapon of pillage.