Influence of Timing of Postexercise Carbohydrate-Protein Ingestion on Selected Immune Indices

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 366-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo J.S Costa ◽  
Samuel J. Oliver ◽  
Stewart J. Laing ◽  
Robert Walters ◽  
James L.J Bilzon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Leukocyte Trafficking ◽  
Norepinephrine Concentration ◽  
Protein Ingestion ◽  
Neutrophil Degranulation ◽  
Unstimulated Saliva

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of immediate and 1-hr-delayed carbohydrate (CHO) and protein (PRO) feeding after prolonged exercise on leukocyte trafficking, bacterially stimulated neutrophil degranulation, saliva secretory IgA (S-IgA) responses, and circulating stress hormones. In randomized order, separated by 1 wk, 9 male runners completed 3 feeding interventions after 2 hr of running at 75% VO2max. During control (CON), participants received water (12 ml/kg body mass [BM]) immediately and 1 hr postexercise. During immediate feeding (IF), participants received a CHO-PRO solution equal to 1.2 g CHO/kg BM and 0.4 g PRO/kg BM immediately postexercise and water 1 hr postexercise. During delayed feeding (DF), participants received water immediately postexercise and CHO-PRO solution 1 hr postexercise. Unstimulated saliva and venous blood samples were collected preexercise, immediately postexercise, and every 20 min until 140 min postexercise. No significant interactions were observed for circulating leukocytes and T-lymphocyte subset counts, S-IgA secretion rate, or plasma cortisol, epinephrine, or norepinephrine concentration. Bacterially stimulated neutrophil degranulation decreased during recovery on CON and DF (24% and 31%, respectively, at 140 min; p < .01) but not on IF. Compared with CON, neutrophil degranulation was higher on IF at 100 min postexercise and higher on IF than DF at 80 min and 100 min onward postexercise (p < .05). Ingestion of a CHO-PRO solution immediately after, but not 1 hr after, prolonged strenuous exercise prevented the decrease in neutrophil degranulation but did not alter circulating stress hormone, leukocyte trafficking, or S-IgA responses. Further research should identify the independent effect of different quantities of CHO and PRO ingestion during recovery on neutrophil responses and other aspects of immune function.

No effect of a 30-h period of sleep deprivation on leukocyte trafficking, neutrophil degranulation and saliva IgA responses to exercise

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Costa Ricardo ◽  
Louise Cartner ◽  
Samuel J. Oliver ◽  
Stewart J. Laing ◽  
Robert Walters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Leukocyte Trafficking ◽  
Neutrophil Degranulation

Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on exercise metabolism

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 1553-1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hargreaves ◽  
C. A. Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Glucose Polymer ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Plasma Insulin Levels ◽  
Glycogen Utilization

Five male cyclists were studied during 2 h of cycle ergometer exercise (70% VO2 max) on two occasions to examine the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on muscle glycogen utilization. In the experimental trial (CHO) subjects ingested 250 ml of a glucose polymer solution containing 30 g of carbohydrate at 0, 30, 60, and 90 min of exercise; in the control trial (CON) they received an equal volume of a sweet placebo. No differences between trials were seen in O2 uptake or heart rate during exercise. Venous blood glucose was similar before exercise in both trials, but, on average, was higher during exercise in CHO [5.2 +/- 0.2 (SE) mmol/l] compared with CON (4.8 +/- 0.1, P less than 0.05). Plasma insulin levels were similar in both trials. Muscle glycogen levels were also similar in CHO and CON both before and after exercise; accordingly, there was no difference between trials in the amount of glycogen used during the 2 h of exercise (CHO = 62.8 +/- 10.1 mmol/kg wet wt, CON = 56.9 +/- 10.1). The results of this study indicate that carbohydrate ingestion does not influence the utilization of muscle glycogen during prolonged strenuous exercise.

scholarly journals Salivary sIgA and PRAP-1 Protein in Relation to Dental Caries: A Comparative Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aseel Al-ani ◽  
Douglas A. MacDonald ◽  
Maha Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Caries Risk ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
High Caries Risk ◽  
Caries Management ◽  
Assessment Guidelines ◽  
Unstimulated Saliva ◽  
The Relationship

Aim: Certain individuals are more prone to dental caries than others are. Caries risk may be related in the secretion of certain defensive salivary proteins including secretory IgA (sIgA) and proline-rich acidic protein (PRAP-1). In this study, we investigated the relationship between PRAP-1 and sIgA leading to the susceptibility of development of dental caries in adults and explored the differences in the levels of sIgA and PRAP-1 between men and women. Materials and Methods: Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 28 patients with high caries risk and 32 control subjects with low caries risk according to caries management by risk assessment guidelines. sIgA and PRAP-1 levels in clarified saliva samples were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: According to our results, sIgA and PRAP-1 levels did not demonstrate statistically significant differences as a function of caries risk or gender, even when potential confounding variables such as age and numbers of teeth were taken into consideration. Estimates of effect size, however, revealed small- to medium-sized effects and suggest that significant results may have been found if larger sample sizes were used. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that caries risk and salivary levels of sIgA and PRAP-1 do not appear to be significantly associated. Statistically significant findings could emerge if the sample size was larger.

Effect of hemorrhagic shock on release of norepinephrine by tyramine

1964 ◽  
Vol 206 (6) ◽  
pp. 1262-1266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald C. Harrison ◽  
Charles A. Chidsey ◽  
Eugene Braunwald
Keyword(s):  
Hemorrhagic Shock ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Atrial Appendage ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Norepinephrine Concentration ◽  
Prolonged Hypotension ◽  
Control State ◽  
Sympathetic Discharge

This study was undertaken to determine if the sympathetic discharge which accompanies hemorrhagic shock modifies the response to tyramine. In eight dogs the dose of tyramine equipressor to 1.0 µg/kg min of norepinephrine was 85 ± 8 µg/kg min in the control state, but had risen to 301 ± 55 µg/kg min after 4 hr of hypotension. In four dogs in which the norepinephrine pool had been labeled with tritiated norepinephrine, injection of tyramine into femoral arterial blood released large quantities of norepinephrine into the femoral venous blood during the control period. After 4 hr of hypotension, the output of radioactive norepinephrine by tyramine was greatly reduced. These findings support the view that the diminished responsiveness to tyramine after prolonged hypotension is due to decreased release of norepinephrine. Since there was no detectable decrease in the norepinephrine concentration of atrial appendage in eight dogs after 4 hr of shock, the diminished release of norepinephrine by tyramine in shock may have been due to the depletion of the small portion of the norepinephrine store releasable by tyramine.

Right ventricular oxygen supply/demand balance in exercising dogs

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (2) ◽  
pp. H823-H830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley J. Hart ◽  
Xiaoming Bian ◽  
Patricia A. Gwirtz ◽  
Srinath Setty ◽  
H. Fred Downey
Keyword(s):  
Right Ventricular ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Aortic Pressure ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Conscious Animal ◽  
Flow Reserve ◽  
Exercise Induced

This is the first investigation of right ventricular (RV) myocardial oxygen supply/demand balance in a conscious animal. A novel technique developed in our laboratory was used to collect right coronary (RC) venous blood samples from seven instrumented, conscious dogs at rest and during graded treadmill exercise. Contributions of the RV oxygen extraction reserve and the RC flow reserve to exercise-induced increases in RV oxygen demand were measured. Strenuous exercise caused a 269% increase in RV oxygen consumption. Expanded arteriovenous oxygen content difference (A-VΔO2) provided 58% of this increase in oxygen demand, and increased RC blood flow (RCBF) provided 42%. At less strenuous exercise, expanded A-VΔO2 provided 60–80% of the required oxygen, and increases in RCBF were small and driven by increased aortic pressure. RC resistance fell only at strenuous exercise after the extraction reserve had been mobilized. Thus RC resistance was unaffected by large decreases in RC venous Po 2 until an apparent threshold at 20 mmHg was reached. Comparisons of RV findings with published left ventricular data from exercising dogs demonstrated that increased O2 demand of the left ventricle is met primarily by increasing coronary flow, whereas increased O2extraction makes a greater contribution to RV O2 supply.

Seasonal differences in rhythmicity of salivary cortisol in healthy adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 764-770
Author(s):  
Dominika Kanikowska ◽  
Magdalena Roszak ◽  
Rafał Rutkowski ◽  
Maki Sato ◽  
Dorota Sikorska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Seasonal Affective Disorder ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Healthy Female ◽  
Daily Rhythmicity ◽  
Unstimulated Saliva ◽  
Sleeping Habits ◽  
Seasonal Rhythmicity ◽  
Food And Fluid Intake

The existence of seasonal changes in secretion of stress hormones and inflammatory mediators by humans is not certain. Here, we aimed to determine whether concentrations of cortisol and IL-6 displayed seasonal rhythmicity. The study was performed in Poznań, Poland (52°N, 16°E) in 7 healthy female volunteers (age 22.6 ± 0.8 yr). Samples of whole mixed unstimulated saliva were collected in winter (February) and summer (June) at 2-h intervals over a 24-h period and analyzed for cortisol and IL-6 by immunoassays. During each season, the subjects answered questionnaires related to their sleeping habits, food intake, physical activity, and perceived seasonality. It turned out that salivary concentrations of cortisol followed a daily rhythm both in winter and summer, as determined by a cosine analysis. However, compared with the winter season, a midline-estimating statistic of rhythm in the summer was significantly higher. Moreover, the rhythm acrophase occurred ~4 h later in the summer than in the winter, whereas the amplitudes did not differ. These fluctuations did not correspond to sleeping habits, food and fluid intake, physical exercise, and the self-assessed chronotype. However, the individuals with higher scores on the seasonal affective disorder scale showed a tendency toward lower relative cortisol amplitude in the summer. In contrast to cortisol, salivary IL-6 concentration did not display daily rhythmicity, and its concentrations did not differ significantly between the seasons. In conclusion, in the summer, cortisol level in saliva is elevated, and its circadian pattern of secretion is shifted. The causes for these alterations do not seem to be related to lifestyle and thus remain to be established.

scholarly journals Strenuous 12-h run elevates circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation and intestinal permeability in middle-aged amateur runners: A preliminary study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249183
Author(s):  
Ewa Sadowska-Krępa ◽  
Michał Rozpara ◽  
Adam Rzetecki ◽  
Sebastian Bańkowski ◽  
Aleksandra Żebrowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Total Antioxidant Status ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding Proteins ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Hs Crp

Given the solid evidence that prolonged strenuous exercise is a cause of metabolic stress, this study sought to determine whether a 12-h run would affect total oxidant status (TOS), total oxidant capacity (TOC), total antioxidant status (TAS), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and the biomarkers of intestinal permeability (protein fatty acid-binding proteins (I-FABP) and zonulin) in middle-aged male subjects. Ten amateur long-distance runners (aged 52.0 ± 6.2 years, body height 176.9 ± 4.9 cm, body mass 73.9 ± 6.0 kg) were enrolled in the study. The venous blood samples were collected 1 hour before and right after the run and were analyzed for the levels of TAS, TOS/TOC, hs-CRP, I-FABP and zonulin. The post-run concentrations of TOS/TOC were significantly elevated (p < 0.001), but TAS changes were not significant. Pearson’s correlation coefficients calculated for the post run values of TAS and TOS/TOC were statistically significant and negative (r = -0.750, p < 0.05). Significant increases in the concentrations of hs-CRP (p < 0.001), I-FABP (p < 0.05) and zonulin (p < 0.01) were noted. The results indicate that a strenuous 12-h run disturbs the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in middle-aged men, as well as promoting inflammation and impairing intestinal permeability.

Effect of different doses of remifentanil on stress response during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Levantesi, MD ◽  
Flaminio Sessa, MD ◽  
Elisabetta Congedo, MD ◽  
Francesco Di Nardo, MD ◽  
Marco Oggiano, MD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Insertion Time ◽  
Perioperative Analgesia ◽  
Trocar Insertion ◽  
Control Pain ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Different Doses

Objectives: An adequate perioperative analgesia reduces neuroendocrine stress response and postoperative complications. Opioids are the most effective parenteral drugs to control pain and stress response.Design: This is a prospective randomized double-blinded controlled study.Setting: Institutional tertiary level.Patients, participants: Fifty patients underwent general anesthesia with desflurane for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Main outcome measures: To compare two different doses of remifentanil (0.15 mcg/kg/min or 0.3 mcg/kg/min) in reducing markers of stress. Perioperative stress was assessed through the dosage of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL). Three venous blood samples were collected from patients: before transferring the patient to the operating room (Time 0), at the trocar insertion (Time 1), and 1 hour after the end of the surgery (Time 2).Results: Hemodynamic parameters showed no differences between the two groups. The authors observed an increase of GH and PRL in both groups at trocar insertion (Time 1) (p = 0.473 and 0.754, respectively). ACTH and cortisol showed a decrease at Time 1 and an increase after surgery (p = 0.586). The modification of stress parameters levels showed no significant differences between the two groups.Conclusions: The results of our study showed that a lower dose of remifentanil is equally effective in controlling stress hormones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Plasma atriopeptin response to prolonged cycling in humans

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 979-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Perrault ◽  
M. Cantin ◽  
G. Thibault ◽  
G. R. Brisson ◽  
G. Brisson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Exercise Protocol ◽  
Indwelling Catheter ◽  
Plasma Arginine ◽  
Exercise Induced

The exercise-induced increase in plasma atriopeptin (ANP) has been related to exercise intensity. The independent effect of duration on the ANP response to dynamic exercise remains incompletely documented. The purpose of this study was to describe the time course of plasma ANP concentration during a 90-min cycling exercise protocol and to examine this in light of concurrent variations in plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP), aldosterone (ALD), and catecholamine (norepinephrine and epinephrine) concentrations as well as plasma renin activity (PRA). Seven male and four female healthy college students (23 +/- 2 yr) completed a prolonged exercise protocol on a cycle ergometer at an intensity of 67% of maximal O2 uptake. Venous blood was sampled through an indwelling catheter at rest, after 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min of exercise, and after 30 min of passive upright recovery. Results (means +/- SE) indicate an increase in ANP from rest (22 +/- 2.6 pg/ml) at 15 min of exercise (45.3 +/- 7.4 pg/ml) with a further increase at 30 min (59.4 +/- 9.8 pg/ml) and a leveling-off thereafter until completion of the exercise protocol (51.7 +/- 10.7 pg/ml). In plasma ALD and PRA, a significant increase was found from rest (ALD, 21.4 +/- 6.4 ng/dl), PRA, 2.5 +/- 0.5 ng.ml-1.h-1 after 30 min of cycling, which continued to increase until completion of the exercise (ALD 46.6 +/- 8.7 ng/dl, PRA 9.5 +/- 0.9 ng.ml-1.h-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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