The Effects of Crushed Ice Ingestion Prior to Steady State Exercise in the Heat

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Zimmermann ◽  
Grant Landers ◽  
Karen E. Wallman ◽  
Jacinta Saldaris
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Gross Efficiency ◽  
State Cycle ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Crushed Ice

This study examined the physiological effects of crushed ice ingestion before steady state exercise in the heat. Ten healthy males with age (23 ± 3 y), height (176.9 ± 8.7 cm), body-mass (73.5 ± 8.0 kg), VO2peak (48.5 ± 3.6 mL∙kg∙min-1) participated in the study. Participants completed 60 min of cycling at 55% of their VO2peak preceded by 30 min of precooling whereby 7 g∙kg-1 of thermoneutral water (CON) or crushed ice (ICE) was ingested. The reduction in Tc at the conclusion of precooling was greater in ICE (-0.9 ± 0.3 °C) compared with CON (-0.2 ± 0.2 °C) (p ≤ .05). Heat storage capacity was greater in ICE compared with CON after precooling (ICE -29.3 ± 4.8 W∙m-2; CON -11.1 ± 7.3 W∙m-2, p < .05). Total heat storage was greater in ICE compared with CON at the end of the steady state cycle (ICE 62.0 ± 12.5 W∙m-2; CON 49.9 ± 13.4 W∙m-2, p < .05). Gross efficiency was higher in ICE compared with CON throughout the steady state cycle (ICE 21.4 ± 1.8%; CON 20.4 ± 1.9%, p < .05). Ice ingestion resulted in a lower thermal sensation at the end of precooling and a lower sweat rate during the initial stages of cycling (p < .05). Sweat loss, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion and thirst were similar between conditions (p > .05). Precooling with crushed ice led to improved gross efficiency while cycling due to an increased heat storage capacity, which was the result of a lower core temperature.

Crushed Ice Ingestion Does Not Improve Female Cycling Time Trial Performance in the Heat

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Zimmermann ◽  
Grant Justin Landers ◽  
Karen Elizabeth Wallman
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Time ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Crushed Ice

This study examined the effects of precooling via ice ingestion on female cycling performance in hot, humid conditions. Ten female endurance athletes, mean age (28 ± 6 y), height (167.6 ± 6.5 cm) and body-mass (68.0 ± 11.5 kg) participated in the study. Participants completed an 800 kJ cycle time-trial in hot, humid conditions (34.9 ± 0.3 °C, 49.8 ± 3.5% RH). This was preceded by the consumption of 7 g∙kg-1 of crushed ice (ICE) or water (CON). There was no difference in performance time (CON 3851 ± 449 s; ICE 3767 ± 465 s), oxygen consumption (CON 41.6 ± 7.0 ml∙kg∙min-1; ICE 42.4 ± 6.0 ml∙kg∙min-1) or respiratory exchange ratio (CON 0.88 ± 0.05; ICE 0.90 ± 0.06) between conditions (p > .05, d < 0.5). Core and skin temperature following the precooling period were lower in ICE (Tc 36.4 ± 0.4 °C; Tsk 31.6 ± 1.2 °C) compared with CON (Tc 37.1 ± 0.4 °C; Tsk 32.4 ± 0.7 °C) and remained lower until the 100 kJ mark of the cycle time-trial (p < .05, d > 1.0). Sweat onset occurred earlier in CON (228 ± 113 s) compared with ICE (411 ± 156 s) (p < .05, d = 1.63). Mean thermal sensation (CON 1.8 ± 2.0; ICE 1.2 ± 2.5, p < .05, d = 2.51), perceived exertion (CON 15.3 ± 2.9; ICE 14.9 ± 3.0, p < .05, d = 0.38) and perceived thirst (CON 5.6 ± 2.2; ICE 4.6 ± 2.4, p < .05, d = 0.98) were lower in ICE compared with CON. Crushed ice ingestion did not improve cycling performance in females, although perceptual responses were reduced.

Beneficial Effects of Ice Ingestion as a Precooling Strategy on 40-km Cycling Time-Trial Performance

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Ihsan ◽  
Grant Landers ◽  
Matthew Brearley ◽  
Peter Peeling
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Crushed Ice ◽  
Cycling Time ◽  
Trial Performance

Purpose:The effect of crushed ice ingestion as a precooling method on 40-km cycling time trial (CTT) performance was investigated.Methods:Seven trained male subjects underwent a familiarization trial and two experimental CTT which were preceded by 30 min of either crushed ice ingestion (ICE) or tap water (CON) consumption amounting to 6.8 g⋅kg-1 body mass. The CTT required athletes to complete 1200 kJ of work on a wind-braked cycle ergometer. During the CTT, gastrointestinal (Tgi) and skin (Tsk) temperatures, cycling time, power output, heart rate (HR), blood lactate (BLa), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and thermal sensation (RPTS) were measured at set intervals of work.Results:Precooling lowered the Tgi after ICE significantly more than CON (36.74 ± 0.67°C vs 37.27 ± 0.24°C, P < .05). This difference remained evident until 200 kJ of work was completed on the bike (37.43 ± 0.42°C vs 37.64 ± 0.21°C). No significant differences existed between conditions at any time point for Tsk, RPE or HR (P > .05). The CTT completion time was 6.5% faster in ICE when compared with CON (ICE: 5011 ± 810 s, CON: 5359 ± 820 s, P < .05).Conclusions:Crushed ice ingestion was effective in lowering Tgi and improving subsequent 40-km cycling time trial performance. The mechanisms for this enhanced exercise performance remain to be clarified.

Responses of Motor-Sport Athletes to V8 Supercar Racing in Hot Conditions

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt B. Brearley ◽  
James P. Finn
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Thermal Strain ◽  
Body Core Temperature ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Borg Scale ◽  
Thermal Discomfort ◽  
Body Core ◽  
Cardiovascular Strain

Background:Despite the thermal challenge of demanding workloads performed in high cabin temperatures while wearing heavy heat-retardant clothing, information on physiological responses to racing V8 Supercars in hot conditions is not readily available.Purpose:To describe the thermal, cardiovascular, and perceptual strain on V8 Supercar drivers competing in hot conditions.Methods:Thermal strain was indicated by body-core temperature using an ingested thermosensitive pill. Cardiovascular strain was assessed from heart rate, hydration status, and sweat rate. Perceptual strain was estimated from self-rated thermal sensation, thermal discomfort (modified Gagge scales), perceived exertion (Borg scale), and perceptual strain index.Results:Prerace body-core temperatures were (mean ± SD) 37.7°C ± 0.4°C (range 37.0°C to 38.2°C), rising to 39.0°C ± 0.4°C (range 38.4°C to 39.7°C) postrace. Driver heart rates were >160 and >170 beats/min for 85.3% and 46.7% of racing, respectively. Sweat rates were 1.06 ± 0.12 L/h or 13.4 ± 1.2 mL · kg−1 · h−1, and postrace dehydration was 0.6% ± 0.6% of prerace body mass. Drivers rated thermal sensation as hot (10.3 ± 0.9), thermal discomfort as uncomfortable (3.1 ± 1.0), and perceived exertion as very hard to very, very hard (8.7 ± 1.7) after the races. Overall physiological and perceptual strain were 7.4 ± 1.0 and 7.1 ± 1.2, respectively.Conclusions:Despite the use of cooling, V8 Supercar drivers endure thermal, cardiovascular, and perceptual strain during brief driving bouts in hot conditions.

Enhanced Decision Making and Working Memory During Exercise in the Heat With Crushed Ice Ingestion

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacinta M. Saldaris ◽  
Grant J. Landers ◽  
Brendan S. Lay
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Crushed Ice ◽  
Sporting Performance

Purpose: To examine the effects of precooling via crushed ice ingestion on cognitive function during exercise in the heat. Methods: Eleven active men ingested either 7 g·kg−1 of crushed ice (ICE) or thermoneutral water (CON) 30 minutes before running 90 minutes on a treadmill at a velocity equivalent to 65% VO2peak in hot and humid conditions (35.0°C [0.5°C], 53.1% [3.9%] relative humidity). Participants completed 3 cognitive tasks to investigate decision making (8-choice reaction time [CRT]), working memory (serial seven [S7]), and executive control (color multisource interference task [cMSIT]) on arrival, after precooling, and after running. Results: Precooling significantly decreased preexercise core (Tcore) and forehead skin temperature in ICE compared with CON, respectively (Tcore 0.8°C [0.4°C], –0.2°C [0.1°C]; Thead –0.5°C [0.4°C], 0.2°C [0.8°C]; P ≤ .05). Postrun, ICE significantly reduced errors compared with CON for CRT (P ≤ .05; d = 0.90; 90% confidence interval, 0.13–1.60) and S7 (P ≤ .05; d = 1.05; 90% confidence interval, 0.26–1.75). Thermal sensation was lower after precooling with ICE (P ≤ .05), but no significant differences were recorded between conditions for cMSIT errors, skin temperature, heart rate, or ratings of perceived exertion or perceived thirst (P > .05). Conclusions: Precooling via ICE maintained cognitive accuracy in decision making and working memory during exercise in the heat. Thus, ICE may have the potential to improve sporting performance by resisting deleterious effects of exercise in a hot and humid environment on cognitive function.

scholarly journals Intermittent sprint performance in the heat is not altered by augmenting thermal perception via L-Menthol or Capsaicin mouth rinses

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Gibson ◽  
James Graeme Wrightson ◽  
Mark Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Thermal Perception ◽  
Mouth Rinses ◽  
Experimental Trials ◽  
Mouth Rinsing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Purpose. Cooling sensations elicited by mouth rinsing with L-Menthol have been reported as ergogenic. Presently, responses to L-Menthol mouth rinsing during intermittent sprint performance (ISP) in the heat are unknown and the impact of increased thermal perception on ISP via Capsaicin has also not been quantified. This experiment aimed to identify whether eliciting cooling/warming sensations via L-Menthol/Capsaicin would alter ISP in the heat.Method. Fourteen participants [mass=72±9 kg, V̇O2peak=3.30±0.90 L.min-1], undertook four experimental trials, involving 40 min of ISP in hot conditions (40.2±0.6°C, 42±2%R.H.) with mouth rinsing (25 mL, 6 sec) at the protocol onset, and every 10 min thereafter. Cooling (0.01%L-Menthol; MEN), warming (0.2%Capsaicin; CAP), placebo (0.3 sham-CHO; PLA) and control (water; CON) mouth rinses were utilised. Performance was quantified via power (PP) and work done (WD) during sprints. Heart rate (HR), core (Trec) and skin (Tskin) temperature, perceived exertion (RPE), thermal sensation (Tsens) and comfort (Tcom) were measured at 10 min intervals. Sweat rate (WBSR) was calculated from ∆mass. Result. PP reduced over time (P&lt;0.05), however no change was observed between trials for PP or WD (P&gt;0.05). Tcom increased over time and was lower in MEN (2.7±1.1; P&lt;0.05) with no difference between CAP (3.1±1.2), PLA (3.2±1.3) and CON (3.1±1.3). RPE, Tsens HR, Trec, Tskin increased over time (P&lt;0.05) with no between trial differences (P&gt;0.05). Conclusion. Despite improved thermal comfort via L-Menthol, ISP did not improve. Capsaicin did not alter thermal perception or ISP. The reduction in ISP over time in hot conditions is not influenced by thermal perception.

scholarly journals Effect of Clothing Fabric on 20-km Cycling Performance in Endurance Athletes

2022 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared Ferguson ◽  
Amir Hadid ◽  
Yoram Epstein ◽  
Dennis Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Competitive Cyclists ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Simulated Wind

Purpose: Examine the effect of synthetic fabrics (SYN, 60% polyester: 40% nylon) vs. 100% cotton fabric (CTN) on the 20-km cycling time trial (20 kmCTT) performance of competitive cyclists and triathletes.Methods: In this randomized controlled crossover study, 15 adults (5 women) aged 29.6 ± 2.7 years (mean ± SE) with a peak rate of O2 consumption of 60.0 ± 2.0 ml/kg/min completed a 20 kmCTT under ambient laboratory conditions (24.3 ± 0.7°C and 17 ± 7% relative humidity) with a simulated wind of ~3 m/s while wearing SYN or CTN clothing ensembles. Both ensembles were of snowflake mesh bi-layer construction and consisted of a loose-fitting long-sleeved shirt with full-length trousers.Results: Participants maintained a significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher cycling speed and power output over the last 6-km of the 20 kmCTT while wearing the SYN vs. CTN ensemble (e.g., by 0.98 km/h and 18.4 watts at the 20-km mark). Consequently, 20 kmCTT duration was significantly reduced by 15.7 ± 6.8 sec or 0.8 ± 0.3% during SYN vs. CTN trials (p &lt; 0.05). Improved 20 kmCTT performance with SYN vs. CTN clothing could not be explained by concurrent differences in esophageal temperature, sweat rate, ratings of perceived exertion and/or cardiometabolic responses to exercise. However, it was accompanied by significantly lower mean skin temperatures (~1°C) and more favorable ratings of perceived clothing comfort and thermal sensation during exercise.Conclusion: Under the experimental conditions of the current study, athletic clothing made of synthetic fabrics significantly improved the 20 kmCTT performance of endurance-trained athletes by optimizing selected thermoregulatory and perceptual responses to exercise.

Efficient synthesis of regular spherical GO/SiO2@Solar Salt microcapsules to enhance heat-storage capacity and cycle stability

2021 ◽  
Vol 245 ◽  
pp. 114637
Author(s):  
Wei Ji ◽  
Xiaomin Cheng ◽  
Haixue Chen ◽  
Linfeng Li ◽  
Yuanyuan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
Cycle Stability ◽  
Efficient Synthesis ◽  
Solar Salt

Exploring the thermochemical heat storage capacity of AMn2O4 (A = Li or Cu) spinels

2018 ◽  
Vol 320 ◽  
pp. 316-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ntuthuko W. Hlongwa ◽  
Daniel Sastre ◽  
Emmanuel Iwuoha ◽  
Alfonso J. Carrillo ◽  
Chinwe Ikpo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
Thermochemical Heat Storage

Experimental Research of Operation Performance of the Capillary Radiant Air-Conditioning Terminal Integrated with DC Variable Speed New Air Unit

2011 ◽  
Vol 374-377 ◽  
pp. 547-552
Author(s):  
Jian Bo Chen ◽  
Fei Cheng ◽  
Fen Li
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
Water System ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Operation Performance ◽  
Cooling Ability

By means of experiment, the author analyzed the operation performance of the capillary radiant air-conditioning terminal integrated with DC variable speed new air unit. The results show that the operation mode that the capillary radiant air-conditioning terminal running combined with DC variable speed new air unit not only avoid the disadvantages of the capillary radiant air-conditioning such as temperature dropping slowly, condensation of moisture under hot and humid conditions during the cooling season, but also effectively overcome the problem that the cooling ability of the radiation surface is low caused by avoiding condensation, and the system can also take the moisture load indoor away as well as achieve the purpose of dehumidification. Besides, using the heat storage capacity of the capillary radiant air-conditioning terminal, controlling water- system of capillary radiant air-conditioning terminal to open and close appropriately can achieve the goal of energy saving.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document