Relationship Between External and Internal Loads of Professional Soccer Players During Full Matches in Official Games Using Global Positioning Systems and Heart-Rate Technology

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 940-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nacho Torreño ◽  
Diego Munguía-Izquierdo ◽  
Aaron Coutts ◽  
Eduardo Sáez de Villarreal ◽  
Jose Asian-Clemente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soccer Players ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Motion Data ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Time Motion ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Physiological Demands ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose:To analyze the match running profile, distance traveled over successive 15 min of match play, heart rates (HRs), and index of performance efficiency (effindex) of professional soccer players with a global positioning system (GPS) and HR in official competition.Methods:Twenty-six professional players were investigated during full matches in competitive club-level matches (N = 223). Time–motion data and HR were collected using GPS and HR technology.Results:The relative total distance was 113 ± 11 m/min, with substantial differences between halves. For all playing positions, a substantial decrease in total distance and distance covered at >13.0 km/h was observed in the second half in comparison with the first. The decrease during the second half in distance covered at >13.0 km/h was substantially higher than in total distance. The average HR recorded was 86.0% maximal HR, and the relationship between external and internal load (effindex) was 1.3, with substantial differences between halves in all playing positions, except strikers for effindex. Wide midfielders reflected substantially the lowest mean HR and highest effindex, whereas center backs showed substantially the lowest effindex of all playing positions.Conclusions:The current study confirmed the decrement in a player’s performance toward the end of a match in all playing positions. Wide midfielders displayed the highest and fittest levels of physical and physiological demands, respectively, whereas center backs had the lowest and least-fit levels of physical and physiological demands, respectively. The position-specific relationship between external and internal load confirms that players with more overall running performance during the full match were the best in effindex.

Physical Match Performance in Sub-elite Soccer Players – Introduction of a new Index

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 858-866
Author(s):  
Lars Reinhardt ◽  
Stephan Schulze ◽  
Rene Schwesig ◽  
Eduard Kurz
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Gps Tracking ◽  
Mixed Design ◽  
Heart Rate Data ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Time Motion ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis investigation examined the position-specific physical performance in different locomotor categories and physiological demands concurrently in official games of sub-elite players and to present a new performance index (PI). Time-motion (distance, velocity, acceleration) and heart rate data of 55 soccer players were simultaneously captured via a GPS tracking system. The relationship between external and internal match-load (PI) was determined on the basis of heart rate, average velocity and acceleration. In contrast to the mean heart rate (85.2±3.2%, P=0.806, ηp²=0.03), the average total distance covered (9946±715 m) was largely affected by players’ position (P<0.001, ηp²=0.63). Furthermore, a mixed design ANOVA showed a large interaction effect between position and locomotor category (P<0.001, ηp²=0.44). On average, PI was 1.57±0.37 m/min²/%, with notably lower values in the 2nd half. The position-specific profiles already reported for higher leagues were also present in sub-elite soccer players. Despite lower values for total distance and smaller distances in the high-intensity zones (>14.4 km/h), internal loads were comparable to those observed in European top leagues. In comparison to a performance measure that ignores accelerations, PI was shown to be less dependent on the playing position and had higher variability. Consequently, PI is better suited to distinguish between players’ performance.

scholarly journals In-season training responses and perceived wellbeing and recovery status in professional soccer players

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254655
Author(s):  
Nuno Mateus ◽  
Bruno Gonçalves ◽  
Jose Luis Felipe ◽  
Javier Sánchez-Sánchez ◽  
Jorge Garcia-Unanue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bayes Factor ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Quality Sleep ◽  
Measurement Units ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
External Loads ◽  
Recovery Indices

This study aimed to describe professional soccer players’ training responses during a competitive season and to investigate the relationship between these responses with wellbeing and recovery indices. Thirteen professional soccer players from the same Spanish Second Division team were monitored during a sixteen-week in-season period. Players’ external loads were analyzed using global positioning measurement units (GPS). Additionally, subjective reporting of sleep quality, sleep duration, fatigue, muscle soreness, and stress were assessed with a customized wellness questionnaire at the beginning of each training session. A two-step cluster analysis identified profiles of different training responses generally described as lower-demand sessions, intermediate-demand sessions, running-based sessions, and sprint-based sessions; which were discriminated by different total distance covered and high-intensity actions. Interestingly, no probabilistic interactions were found between these training responses with wellbeing and recovery markers (i.e., Bayes factor < 1 suggesting no evidence, for all the variables). These findings may raise concerns about using self-reporting tools, as they show that players’ wellness data is probably not accounted for when coaching staff plan and optimize the training process. However, results should be interpreted with caution, due to representing a single team and coaching staff.

Accumulative Weekly External and Internal Load Relative to Match Load in Elite Male Youth Soccer Players

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Vicente de Dios-Álvarez ◽  
Pello Alkain ◽  
Julen Castellano ◽  
Ezequiel Rey
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Global Positioning

Purpose: The aim of this study was 2-fold: (1) to assess and compare the external and internal load of elite young soccer players during competitive microcycles and (2) to describe the training/match ratios (TMr) in elite male youth soccer players. Method: Twenty-one youth soccer players were monitored using a 10-Hz global positioning system. Total distance covered, running distance (RD), high-speed RD, sprint distance, number of accelerations and decelerations, player load, and rated perceived exertion were recorded during training sessions and matches. The TMr was calculated for each load measure. All variables were also normalized dividing the load per minute of activity. Results: The RD, high-speed running, and sprint distance were higher 3 days before the match and 2 days before match compared with the rest of the training sessions. However, accelerations, decelerations, and player load were higher 4 days before match than other sessions. Besides this, the TMr of RD, high-speed running, and sprint distance were associated with lower values than the TMr of total distance covered, accelerations, decelerations, and player load. The match constituted the highest load during competitive microcycle. Conclusions: The present data support the idea that youth soccer coaches and practitioners must consider relative training load according to match demands to better manage and evaluate player periodization.

A Comparative Analysis of Accelerometer and Time–Motion Data in Elite Men’s Hockey Training and Competition

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 446-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Polglaze ◽  
Brian Dawson ◽  
Daniel J. Hiscock ◽  
Peter Peeling
Keyword(s):  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Absolute Distance ◽  
Motion Data ◽  
Time Motion ◽  
Player Tracking ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Physiological Demands ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Tracking Devices ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose:To determine the relationship between distance covered and player load (PL: sum of accelerations in all 3 planes of movement) in hockey training and competition.Methods:Elite male hockey players (N = 24) wore player-tracking devices in 7 international matches and 7 training sessions. Players were arranged in 4 positional groups (strikers, attacking midfielders, defensive midfielders, defenders) in competition but had generic roles in training. Relationships between distance and PL were assessed in both absolute (m, AU) and relative (m/min, AU/min) terms and were compared between matches and training and between positions within matches, using the Fisher Z test.Results:In competition, the absolute distance–PL relationship was very large overall (r = .868), with no differences between positions. The relative distance–PL relationship was moderate overall (r = .486) and weaker in strikers than in defensive midfielders (Z = 1.785, P = .037) and defenders (Z = 1.690, P = .045). In training, the absolute distance–PL relationship was very large (r = .742), and large (r = .633) in relative terms. The relationship was stronger in competition than training for absolute values (Z = 2.824, P = .005) but not different for relative values.Conclusions:The strong relationship between these variables suggests that PL in hockey is mostly accumulated through running and other locomotor actions, such that PL is not effective in quantifying other activities (evasion, low stance) that contribute to physiological demands, particularly in training.

scholarly journals A New Foot-Mounted Inertial Measurement System in Soccer: Reliability and Comparison to Global Positioning Systems for Velocity Measurements During Team Sport Actions

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-50
Author(s):  
Mark Waldron ◽  
Jamie Harding ◽  
Steve Barrett ◽  
Adrian Gray
Keyword(s):  
Measurement System ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Inertial System ◽  
Global Positioning Systems ◽  
Velocity Measurements ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Inertial Measurement ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Global Positioning

Abstract The aims of this study were to i) compare a foot-mounted inertial system (PlayerMaker™) to three commercially available Global Positioning Systems (GPS) for measurement of velocity-based metrics during team sport movements and ii) evaluate the inter-unit reliability of the PlayerMaker™. Twelve soccer players completed a soccer simulation, whilst wearing a PlayerMaker™ and three GPS (GPS#1, #2 and #3). A sub-sample (n = 7) also wore two PlayerMaker™ systems concurrently. The PlayerMaker™ measured higher (p < 0.05) total distance (518 ± 15 m) compared to GPS#1 (488 ± 15 m), GPS#2 (486 ± 15 m), and GPS#3 (501 ± 14 m). This was explained by greater (p < 0.05) distances in the 1.5-3.5 m/s zone (356 ± 24 m vs. 326 ± 26 m vs. 324 ± 18 m vs. 335 ± 24 m) and the 3.51-5.5 m/s zone (64 ± 18 m vs. 35 ± 5 vs. 43 ± 8 m vs. 41 ± 8 m) between the PlayerMaker™, GPS#1, GPS#2 and GPS#3, respectively. The PlayerMaker™ recorded higher (p < 0.05) distances while changing speed. There were no systematic differences (p > 0.05) between the two PlayerMaker™ systems. The PlayerMaker™ is reliable and records higher velocity and distances compared to GPS.

scholarly journals Match running performance in Brazilian professional soccer players: comparisons between successful and unsuccessful teams

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Aquino ◽  
Luiz Guilherme Gonçalves ◽  
Marcos Galgaro ◽  
Thiago Santi Maria ◽  
Eduardo Rostaiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
High Acceleration ◽  
Independent Analysis ◽  
Global Positioning

Abstract Background This study aimed to compare the match running performance between bottom- and top-ranked teams in professional soccer players over the 2020 season of the Brazilian National 2nd Division League. In addition, this study verified the independent and interactive effects of playing position and contextual factors on running outputs between these teams. Methods Forty-eight professional male outfield soccer players participated in this study (top-ranked team, n = 24; bottom-ranked team, n = 24). The distance- and accelerometry-based measures were recorded during 69 matches using a global positioning system (10 Hz) integrated with an accelerometer (400 Hz). Results The top-ranked team covered greater total distance [median (interquartile range); 10,330.0 m (1430.0)] and high-acceleration [97.0 m (32.0)] than the bottom-ranked team, in home and away matches [p < 0.05, effect size (ES) = small]. The midfielders of the top-ranked team covered higher total distance, high-speed running (> 18 km h−1), high acceleration (≥ 3 m s−2), high-deceleration (≤ −3 m s−2), and performed more sprints [(> 25 km h−1) compared to midfielders of the bottom-ranked team (p < 0.05, η2 = small-moderate]. The matches against top-level opponents required high values of high-acceleration and number of sprints only for the top-ranked team (p < 0.05, ES = small). Independent analysis showed that match outcome (loss vs. draw vs. win) was not influenced by running performance for both bottom- and top-ranked teams (p > 0.05; η2 = small). However, the top-ranked team covered greater total distance, high-acceleration/deceleration than bottom-ranked team in loss matches (p < 0.05, η2 = small). Conclusions These findings should be considered when the coaches and practitioners interpret the match running outputs and when evaluating the effects of training intervention on these performance indicators.

Seasonal Training Load and Wellness Monitoring in a Professional Soccer Goalkeeper

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 672-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Malone ◽  
Arne Jaspers ◽  
Werner Helsen ◽  
Brenda Merks ◽  
Wouter G.P. Frencken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Competitive Season ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this investigation was to (1) quantify the training load practices of a professional soccer goalkeeper and (2) investigate the relationship between the training load observed and the subsequent self-reported wellness response. One male goalkeeper playing for a team in the top league of the Netherlands participated in this case study. Training load data were collected across a full season using a global positioning system device and session-RPE (rating of perceived exertion). Data were assessed in relation to the number of days to a match (MD− and MD+). In addition, self-reported wellness response was assessed using a questionnaire. Duration, total distance, average speed, PlayerLoad™, and load (derived from session-RPE) were highest on MD. The lowest values for duration, total distance, and PlayerLoad™ were observed on MD−1 and MD+1. Total wellness scores were highest on MD and MD−3 and were lowest on MD+1 and MD−4. Small to moderate correlations between training load measures (duration, total distance covered, high deceleration efforts, and load) and the self-reported wellness response scores were found. This exploratory case study provides novel data about the physical load undertaken by a goalkeeper during 1 competitive season. The data suggest that there are small to moderate relationships between training load indicators and self-reported wellness response. This weak relation indicates that the association is not meaningful. This may be due to the lack of position-specific training load parameters that practitioners can currently measure in the applied context.

scholarly journals Training/Match External Load Ratios in Professional Soccer Players: A Full-Season Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 3057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
Alireza Rabbani ◽  
Daniele Conte ◽  
Daniel Castillo ◽  
José Afonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Weekly Training ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Individual Training

The aim of this study was two-fold: (i) to describe the training/match ratios of different external load measures during a full professional soccer season while analyzing the variations between different types of weeks (three, four and five training sessions/week) and (ii) to investigate the relationship between weekly accumulated training loads and the match demands of the same week. Twenty-seven professional soccer players (24.9 ± 3.5 years old) were monitored daily using a 10-Hz global positioning system with a 100-Hz accelerometer. Total distance (TD), running distance (RD), high-speed running (HSR), sprinting distance (SD), player load (PL), number of high accelerations (ACC), and number of high decelerations (DEC) were recorded during training sessions and matches. An individual training/match ratio (TMr) was calculated for each external load measure. Weeks with five training sessions (5dW) presented meaningfully greater TMr than weeks with four (4dW) or three (3dW) training sessions. Additionally, TDratio (TDr) was significantly greater in 5dW than in 3dW (mean differences dif: 1.23 arbitray units A.U.) and 4dW (dif: 0.80 A.U.); HSRr was significantly greater in 5dW than in 3dW (dif: 0.90 A.U.) and 4dW (dif: 0.68 A.U.); and SDr was significantly greater in 5dW than in 3dW (dif: 0.77 A.U.) and 4dW (dif: 0.90 A.U.). Correlations between the weekly training loads and the match demands of the same week were small for PL (r = 0.250 [0.13;0.36]), ACC (r = 0.292 [0.17;0.40]) and DEC (r = 0.236 [0.11;0.35]). This study reveals that ratios of above 1 were observed for specific measures (e.g., HSR, SD). It was also observed that training sessions are not adjusted according to weekly variations in match demands.

scholarly journals Train Like You Compete? Physical and Physiological Responses on Semi-Professional Soccer Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Castillo-Rodríguez ◽  
Francisco Javier Cano-Cáceres ◽  
António Figueiredo ◽  
José Carlos Fernández-García
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Exact Amount

Background: Decision-making in soccer has repercussions and depends on the environment of training or competition. The demands on the players can reveal if the decision-making is similar or different from that required during competition. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the physical and physiological responses of players in training matches (TM) and official competition matches (CM) according to the playing position (external defenders, internal defenders, midfielders, and forwards/extremes). Methods: Twenty semi-professional male soccer players and 10 CM (n = 40) and 10 TM (n = 40) were studied using global positioning system technology, and paired and one-way ANOVA tests were carried out to compare physical (distances and number of sprints) and physiological (heart rates) responses with the factors a) match environments (TM and CM) and b) the playing position, respectively. Results: The results revealed that during CM, players covered higher total distance, partial distances, and sprints at different speeds (0–21 km/h) and produced higher physiological responses. Midfielders covered the greatest total distance in both TM (7227.6 m) and CM (11,225.9 m), in comparison to the other playing positions. However, forwards and extremes spent more time (56.8% of the CM [d = 0.78]) at 76% to 84% of their maximal heart rates. Conclusions: First, the physical and physiological responses in TM were significantly lower than in CM. Second, these responses were different according to the playing position, so this study was able to verify the exact amount of variation between the load produced in TM and CM. These results will help the coach and technical staff to design training tasks to complement the responses found in TM.

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