Are Those Steps Worth Your Privacy?

Fitness trackers are increasingly popular. The data they collect provides substantial benefits to their users, but it also creates privacy risks. In this work, we investigate how fitness-tracker users perceive the utility of the features they provide and the associated privacy-inference risks. We conduct a longitudinal study composed of a four-month period of fitness-tracker use (N = 227), followed by an online survey (N = 227) and interviews (N = 19). We assess the users' knowledge of concrete privacy threats that fitness-tracker users are exposed to (as demonstrated by previous work), possible privacy-preserving actions users can take, and perceptions of utility of the features provided by the fitness trackers. We study the potential for data minimization and the users' mental models of how the fitness tracking ecosystem works. Our findings show that the participants are aware that some types of information might be inferred from the data collected by the fitness trackers. For instance, the participants correctly guessed that sexual activity could be inferred from heart-rate data. However, the participants did not realize that also the non-physiological information could be inferred from the data. Our findings demonstrate a high potential for data minimization, either by processing data locally or by decreasing the temporal granularity of the data sent to the service provider. Furthermore, we identify the participants' lack of understanding and common misconceptions about how the Fitbit ecosystem works.

The Tyme Wear Smart Shirt is Reliable and Valid at Detecting Personalized Ventilatory Thresholds in Recreationally Active Individuals

The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which the Tyme Wear smart shirt is as reliable and valid in detecting personalized ventilatory thresholds when compared to the Parvo Medics TrueOne 2400. In this validation study, 19 subjects were recruited to conduct two graded exercise test (GXT) trials. Each GXT trial was separated by seven to ten days of rest. During the GXT, gas exchange and heart rate data were collected by the TrueOne 2400 (TRUE) in addition to the ventilation data collected by the Tyme Wear smart shirt (S-PRED). Gas exchange data from TRUE was used to detect VT1 and VT2. TRUE and S-PRED VT1 and VT2 were compared to determine the reliability and validity of the smart shirt. Of the 19 subjects, data from 15 subjects were used during analysis. S-PRED exhibited excellent (ICC > 0.90) reliability for detection of VT1 and VT2 utilizing time point and workload and moderate (0.90 > ICC > 0.75 ) reliability utilizing heart rate. TRUE exhibited excellent reliability for detection of VT1 and VT2 utilizing time point, workload, and heart rate. When compared to TRUE, S-PRED appears to underestimate the VT1 workload (p > 0.05) across both trials and heart rate (p < 0.05) for trial 1. However, S-PRED appears to underestimate VT2 workload (p < 0.05) and heart rate (p < 0.05) across both trials. The result from this study suggests that the Tyme Wear smart shirt is less valid but is comparable in reliability when compared to the gold standard. Moreover, despite the underestimation of S-PRED VT1 and VT2, the S-PRED detected personalized ventilatory thresholds will provide an adequate training workload for most individuals. In conclusion, the Tyme Wear smart shirt provides easily accessible testing to establish threshold-guided training zones but does not devalue the long-standing laboratory equivalent.

Operator workload analysis on coconut tree climbing using portable coconut climbing equipment

Recently, the work of climbing coconuts, especially in Aceh Province Indonesia still uses traditional methods, namely by climbing coconut trees directly. Traditional climbing is very high risk because it can fall which threatens the safety of life. Besides that, this job is also a heavy work category because it requires a lot of energy to do it. Therefore, the analysis of operator workload on climbing coconut trees using portable coconut climbing equipment is expected to be useful for developing tool designs and methods for climbing coconuts that are safer, more comfortable and more effective. The calculation of the operator’s workload is based on heart rate measurements, where three operators have their heart rate data taken during coconut tree climbing activities, either manually or using portable climbing tools. The workloads analyzed are qualitative and quantitative workloads. The results of the workload analysis indicate that climbing is traditionally classified as a “medium” job with an average IRHR value of 1.45, while using portable climbing equipment is classified as heavy work with an IRHR value of 1.54 The traditional climbing energy consumption rate is 3.29 kcal/hour.kg-ow (kilocalories per hour per operator’s weight), while using a portable climbing equipment is 3.82 kcal/hour.kg-ow. The high level of operator workload is largely determined by the operator’s habits in doing climbing as well as skills that must be trained in operating the tool. However, in terms of operator safety, the use of portable equipment has a higher level of security because there are footrests and handrails as well as seat belts.

Ergonomics study on pivot-type trailer operation for two-wheel tractor on sloping land

The operation of the pivot type trailer on a two-wheeled tractor on flat land shows that it is more ergonomic than conventional trailers, but for testing on sloping land it has never been tested. Therefore, this study aims to analyze ergonomics, especially the operator’s workload on the operation of a pivot-type trailer on a two-wheel tractor on a sloping land. The calculation of the operator’s workload is based on heart rate measurements, where three operators have their heart rate data taken during the activity of operating a two-wheeled tractor in pulling a trailer. The workloads analyzed are qualitative and quantitative workloads. The results showed that the operation of conventional trailers for land slopes of 0°, 10°, and 30° respectively showed IRHR values of 1.23, 1.24, and 1.31 or the level of work “light”, “light”, and “light”. While using a pivot type trailer, the IRHR values are 1.20, 1.27, and 1.55 or the work levels are “light”, “light”, and “medium”. The average energy consumption rate of operating a conventional trailer is 2.54 kcal/hour.kg-bb (kilocalories per hour per operator’s weight), while using a pivot type trailer 2.60 kcal/hour.kg-bb. The high level of operator workload is largely determined by the skill of the operator in operating the trailer, which requires training in its operation. This causes the operator’s workload to operate on pivot type trailers higher than conventional trailers. However, from the aspect of operator comfort and safety, pivot-type trailers are superior, especially when turning.

Alarm warning dan rem otomatis berbasis detak jantung pada olahraga bersepeda

Jantung merupakan organ vital pada tubuh manusia. Oleh karena itu, penting dalam memelihara kesehatan jantung. Salah satunya melalui pelatihan berbasis detak jantung, yaitu menjaga detak jantung dalam kisaran yang ditetapkan. Salah satu pengaplikasiannya adalah olahraga bersepeda, namun tidak jarang pesepeda melebihi target maksimal saat bersepeda, sehingga hal tersebut menyalahi aturan dalam pelatihan. Prinsip kerja alat ini adalah mengaktifkan alarm warning jika detak jantung pengguna melebihi target maksimal saat latihan dan mengaktifkan rem otomatis ketika pengguna menghiraukan alarm warning. Target latihan diperoleh dari perhitungan umur, maximal heart rate (MHR), Rest Heart Rate (RHR), dan riwayat latihan. Penelitian ini menggunakan grove heart rate sensor sebagai sensor detak jantung dengan mikrokontroler Arduino MEGA. Proses pengambilan maupun penyimpanan data pada database dilakukan oleh NodeMCU. Motor DC 12V digunakan sebagai penarik rem dengan driver motor sebagai pengatur arah dan putaran motor. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian diperoleh bahwa data detak jantung peserta latihan tersimpan dalam database sistem, alarm warning bekerja(buzzer on) jika detak jantung peserta diatas 135 bpm, dan rem otomatis bekerja pada saat detak jantung peserta latihan diatas 135 bpm dengan berubahnya panjang tali rem dari 15 cm menjadi 12 cm. The heart is a vital organ in the human body. Therefore, it is important in maintaining heart health. One of them is through heart rate-based training, which is keeping the heart rate within a specified range. One of its applications is cycling, but it is not uncommon for cyclists to exceed the maximum target when cycling, so that this violates the rules in training. The working principle of this tool is to activate an alarm warning if the user's heart rate exceeds the maximum target during training and activate the automatic brake when the user ignores the alarm warning. Training targets are obtained from the calculation of age, maximal heart rate (MHR), Rest Heart Rate (RHR), and training history. This study uses a grove heart rate sensor as a heart rate sensor with an Arduino MEGA microcontroller. The process of retrieving and storing data in the database is carried out by NodeMCU. DC 12V motor is used as a brake puller with the motor driver to control the direction and rotation of the motor. Base on the test result, it is found that the participant’s heart rate data is stored in the database system, the alarm warning work (buzzer on)if the participant’s herat rate is above 135 bpm, and the brakes automatically work when the participant’s herat rate is above 135 bpm by changing the length of the brake rope from 15cm to 12 cm.

SISTEM MONITORING REALTIME DETAK JANTUNG DAN KADAR OKSIGEN DALAM DARAH PADA MANUSIA BERBASIS IoT (INTERNET of THINGS)

Heart rate and oxygen levels in the blood are very important for medical personnel to know the patient's health condition, with the existing real-time of heart rate monitoring system and oxygen levels in the blood based on IoT, it can facilitate the workload of medical personnel. This tool uses the Max30100 sensor to detect heart rate and oxygen levels in the blood and NodeMCU ESP8266 as controlling and sending sensor data to the IoT platform on android and PC wirelessly. The results of sending heart rate data and oxygen levels in the blood on Blynk and web servers have an error alignment average of 1.7% and 0%. and measurements have an average of 87 bpm and 96% of SpO2 in adolescents 20-24 years with the results of the measurements indicate the patient's condition is normal.

Assessment of Cognitive Student Engagement Using Heart Rate Data in Distance Learning during COVID-19

Student engagement allows educational institutions to make better decisions regarding teaching methodologies, methods for evaluating the quality of education, and ways to provide timely feedback. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, identifying cognitive student engagement in distance learning has been a challenge in higher education institutions. In this study, we implemented a non-self-report method assessing students’ heart rate data to identify the cognitive engagement during active learning activities. Additionally, as a supplementary tool, we applied a previously validated self-report method. This study was performed in distance learning lessons on a group of university students in Bogota, Colombia. After data analysis, we validated five hypotheses and compared the results from both methods. The results confirmed that the heart rate assessment had a statistically significant difference with respect to the baseline during active learning activities, and this variance could be positive or negative. In addition, the results show that if students are previously advised that they will have to develop an a new task after a passive learning activity (such as a video projection), their heart rate will tend to increase and consequently, their cognitive engagement will also increase. We expect this study to provide input for future research assessing student cognitive engagement using physiological parameters as a tool.

Rate of infant carrying impacts infant spontaneous motor tempo

Rhythm production is a critical component of human interaction, not least forming the basis of our musicality. Infants demonstrate a spontaneous motor tempo (SMT), or natural rate of rhythmic movement. Here, we ask whether infant SMT is influenced by the rate of locomotion infants experience when being carried. Ten-month-old, non-walking infants were tested using a free drumming procedure before and after 10 min of being carried by an experimenter walking at a slower (98 BPM) or faster (138 BPM) than average tempo. We find that infant SMT is differentially impacted by carrying experience dependent on the tempo at which they were carried: infants in the slow-walked group exhibited a slower SMT from pre-test to post-test, while infants in the fast-walked group showed a faster SMT from pre-test to post-test. Heart rate data suggest that this effect is not due to a general change in the state of arousal. We argue that being carried during caregiver locomotion is a predominant experience for infants throughout the first years of life, and as a source of regular, vestibular, information, may at least partially form the basis of their sense of rhythm.