Placebo Effects of Caffeine on Short-Term Resistance Exercise to Failure

Purpose:This study examined the placebo effect of caffeine on number of repetitions (reps), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), blood pressure (BP), and peak heart rate (PHR) during resistance-training exercise with repetitions (reps) performed to volitional failure.Methods:Following determination of 1-rep maximum in single-leg leg extension, 15 males performed reps to failure at 60% 1-RM in 3 conditions: control, perceived caffeine condition, and perceived placebo condition presented in a randomized order. Participants were informed they would ingest 250 mL of solution that contained either 3 mg·kg−1 caffeine or 3 mg·kg−1 placebo 1 h before each exercise trial. A deceptive protocol was employed and subjects consumed a placebo solution in both conditions. During each condition, total reps, RPE for the active muscle and overall body, and PHR were recorded.Results:Subjects completed 2 more reps when they perceived they had ingested caffeine. RPE was significantly (P = .04) lower in the perceived caffeine and control conditions and RPE for the active muscle was significantly higher across all conditions compared with RPE for the overall body. No substantial differences were evident in PHR across conditions.Conclusions:Results of this study are similar to studies of actual caffeine ingestion. However, the perception of consuming a substance that purportedly enhances performance is sufficient enough to enable individuals to complete a greater number of reps to failure during short-term resistance exercise.

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Acute Caffeine Ingestion did not Enhance Punch Performance in Professional Mixed-Martial Arts Athletes

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11061422 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1422 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Arthur de Azevedo ◽

Mauro Guerra ◽

Leonardo Caldas ◽

Lucas Guimarães-Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Martial Arts ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Force Transducer ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Combat Sport ◽

Mixed Martial Arts ◽

Placebo Condition ◽

Double Blind ◽

Caffeine Ingestion ◽

Punch Force

Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a combat sport where competitors utilize strikes (punches, kicks, knees, and elbows) and submission techniques to defeat opponents in a cage or ring. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute caffeine ingestion on punching performance by professional MMA athletes. The study used a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover design. Eleven professional MMA competitors (27.6 ± 4.3 years and 83.5 ± 7.8 kg of body weight) ingested a dose of caffeine (5 mg·kg−1) or placebo 60 min prior to three sets of punching. Each set consisted of 15 s, at which participants were asked to perform straight punches with maximum strength and frequency with his dominant arm. After each set, a 45 s recovery time was applied. Using a force transducer attached to a cushioned plate, the punch frequency, and mean and maximal punch force was measured. The readiness to invest in both physical (RTIPE) and mental (RTIME) effort was assessed prior to the protocol, and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded after. Caffeine ingestion did not result in increased punching frequency, mean and maximum punch force, RTIPE, RTIME, and RPE when compared to the placebo condition. Based on these results, acute caffeine ingestion did not improve punching performance in professional MMA athletes.

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The Effects of Caffeine in Women during Aerobic-Dance Bench Stepping

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.17.1.27 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 27-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jennifer N. Ahrens ◽

Lisa K. Lloyd ◽

Sylvia H. Crixell ◽

John L. Walker

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Minute Ventilation ◽

Physiological Responses ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Caffeine Ingestion ◽

Fitness Level ◽

Aerobic Dance ◽

Control Body ◽

And Control

People of all ages and fitness levels participate regularly in aerobic-dance bench stepping (ADBS) to increase fitness and control body weight. Any reasonable method for enhancing the experience or effectiveness of ADBS would be beneficial. This study examined the acute effects of a single dose of caffeine on physiological responses during ADBS in women. When compared with a placebo, neither a 3- nor a 6-mg/kg dose of caffeine altered physiological responses or rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in 20 women (age 19–28 y) of average fitness level, not habituated to caffeine, while they performed an ADBS routine. Since neither dose of caffeine had any effect on VO2, Vco2, minute ventilation, respiratory-exchange ratio, rate of energy expenditure, heart rate, or RPE during ADBS exercise, it would not be prudent for a group exercise leader to recommend caffeine to increase energy cost or decrease perception of effort in an ADBS session. Furthermore, caffeine ingestion should not interfere with monitoring intensity using heart rate or RPE during ADBS.

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Effects Of Resistance Exercise Mode On Rating Of Perceived Exertion During Short-term Training

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/01.mss.0000479257.36806.f7 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 930-931

Author(s):

Pablo B. Costa ◽

Trent J. Herda ◽

Ashley A. Herda ◽

Joel T. Cramer

Keyword(s):

Resistance Exercise ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Short Term ◽

Exercise Mode

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Validity of Isokinetic and Isometric Testing modalities for Assessing Short-term Resistance Exercise Strength Gains

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.1.4.275 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 275-283 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Andrew C. Fry ◽

Dawn R. Powell ◽

William J. Kraemer

Keyword(s):

Resistance Exercise ◽

Human Performance ◽

Peak Torque ◽

Quadriceps Strength ◽

Short Term ◽

Isokinetic Testing ◽

Leg Extension ◽

Leg Flexion ◽

Isokinetic Torque ◽

Torque Values

Although it is generally accepted that human performance must be assessed in a manner specific to the training, previous studies have violated this principle. In order to determine the validity of evaluating short-term resistance training programs with isometric and isokinetic measures, 23 recreationally active males participated in an 8-week training program. Subjects were randomly divided into barbell squat, hip sled, leg extension, and control groups. Pre- and posttesting of quadriceps strength was performed with a Cybex isokinetic dynamometer. Six angle-specific torques (N.m) were determined at 0 rad-s-1 and 1.05 rad-s-1. Ten RM training loads increased significantly for all groups that trained. Isometric torque values differed significantly from isokinetic torque values at 30, 60, 75, and 90° of leg flexion for all groups. No significant torque increases from pre- to posttest were observed for any group at any limb angle for either isometric or isokinetic testing, or for isokinetic peak torque. This indicates that strength increases during short-term dynamic external resistance exercise are not adequately assessed with either isometric or isokinetic evaluations.

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Performing Repetitions To Failure in Lower-Limb Single-Joint Exercise does not Reduce Countermovement Jump Performance in Trained Male Adults

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.2478/hukin-2021-0049 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 209-217

Author(s):

Bruna Costa ◽

Danielly M. Ferreira ◽

Petrus Gantois ◽

Dalton de Lima-Júnior ◽

Witalo Kassiano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Perceived Exertion ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Experimental Session ◽

Countermovement Jump ◽

Jump Performance ◽

Leg Extension ◽

Total Session Time ◽

Experimental Protocols ◽

Repetitions To Failure

Abstract Performing repetitions to failure (RF) is a strategy that might acutely reduce neuromuscular performance, as well as increase the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and the internal training load (ITL) during and after a resistance training (RT) session. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the acute effects of RF or repetitions not to failure (RNF) on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and the ITL in trained male adults. Eleven men performed two experimental protocols in randomized order (RF vs. RNF). Under the RF condition, participants performed three sets of the leg extension exercise using 100% of the 10RM load and rest intervals of 180-s between sets. Under the RNF condition, participants were submitted to six sets of five repetitions with the same intensity and an 80-s rest interval between sets in the same exercise. The CMJ test was analyzed before and following (15-s and 30-min, respectively) each experimental session. The ITL was evaluated by multiplying the RPE and the total session time, 30-min after the protocol. No main effect or interaction time vs. condition was found for CMJ performance (p > 0.05). In contrast, the ITL showed higher values under the RF condition (p = 0.003). Therefore, even though RF-induced a greater ITL, our results suggest that adopting this strategy in one single-joint exercise for the lower limbs does not seem sufficient to reduce CMJ height.

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Carbohydrate mouth rinsing improves resistance training session performance

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching ◽

10.1177/1747954118755640 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 804-809 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Luciana S Decimoni ◽

Victor M Curty ◽

Livia Almeida ◽

Alexander J Koch ◽

Jeffrey M Willardson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Exercise ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Bench Press ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Training Session ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Double Blind ◽

Mouth Rinsing

We investigated the effect of carbohydrate mouth rinsing on resistance exercise performance. Fifteen recreationally trained women (age 26 ± 4 y; height 1.61.9 ± 5.1 m; weight 59.5 ± 8.2 kg) completed two resistance exercise bouts consisting of three sets of five exercises (half-squat, leg press, bench press, military press, and seated row) to volitional fatigue with a 10 repetition-maximum load. Immediately prior to and during the middle of each exercise bout, subjects mouth rinsed for 10 s with 100 mL of either a 6% maltodextrin solution (CHO) or an artificially flavored solution (PLA) in a randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced fashion. Heart rate and perceived exertion were compared between conditions using a 2 (conditions) × 15 (time points) repeated measures ANOVA. Significant main effects were further analyzed using pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni post hoc tests. Total volume (exercises * sets * repetitions * load) between sessions was compared with a Student’s t-test. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05 level of confidence. The CHO resulted in more repetitions performed during half-squat, bench press, military press, and seated row, for a significantly greater (∼12%) total volume load lifted versus PLA ( p = 0.039, ES: 0.49). Rating of perceived exertion was also significantly lower in the CHO versus PLA ( p = 0.020, ES: 0.28). These data indicate that CHO mouth rinsing can enhance high-volume resistance exercise performance and lower ratings of perceived exertion.

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An Intense, But Ecologically Valid, Resistance Exercise Session Does Not Alter Growth Factors Associated With Cognitive Health

Journal of Aging and Physical Activity ◽

10.1123/japa.2019-0100 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 605-612

Author(s):

Kieran J. Marston ◽

Belinda M. Brown ◽

Stephanie R. Rainey-Smith ◽

Sabine Bird ◽

Linda K. Wijaya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Factor ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Load Resistance ◽

High Load ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Cognitive Health ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Moderate Load ◽

Middle Aged Adults

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the acute changes in growth factors associated with cognitive health following two ecologically valid, intense resistance exercise sessions. Twenty-nine late-middle-aged adults performed one session of either (a) moderate-load resistance exercise or (b) high-load resistance exercise. Venous blood was collected prior to warm-up, immediately following exercise and 30 min following exercise. Serum was analyzed for brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Session intensity was determined by blood lactate concentration and session rating of perceived exertion. Postexercise blood lactate was greater following moderate-load when compared with high-load resistance exercise. Subjective session intensity was rated higher by the session rating of perceived exertion following moderate-load when compared with high-load resistance exercise. No differences were observed in serum growth factor levels between groups. Ecologically valid and intense moderate-load or high-load exercise methods do not alter serum growth factor levels in late-middle-aged adults.

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