Metabolic Profile of the Ironman World Championships: A Case Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 570-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Cuddy ◽  
Dustin R. Slivka ◽  
Walter S. Hailes ◽  
Charles L. Dumke ◽  
Brent C. Ruby
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Metabolic Profile ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
World Championship ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Total Body

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to determine the metabolic profile during the 2006 Ironman World Championship in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii.Methods:One recreational male triathlete completed the race in 10:40:16. Before the race, linear regression models were established from both laboratory and feld measures to estimate energy expenditure and substrate utilization. The subject was provided with an oral dose of 2H218O approximately 64 h before the race to calculate total energy expenditure (TEE) and water turnover with the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique. Body weight, blood sodium and hematocrit, and muscle glycogen (via muscle biopsy) were analyzed pre- and postrace.Results:The TEE from DLW and indirect calorimetry was similar: 37.3 MJ (8,926 kcal) and 37.8 MJ (9,029 kcal), respectively. Total body water turnover was 16.6 L, and body weight decreased 5.9 kg. Hematocrit increased from 46 to 51% PCV. Muscle glycogen decreased from 152 to 48 mmoL/kg wet weight pre- to postrace.Conclusion:These data demonstrate the unique physiological demands of the Ironman World Championship and should be considered by athletes and coaches to prepare sufficient nutritional and hydration plans.

scholarly journals Muscle Glycogenolysis and Resynthesis in Response to a Half Ironman Triathlon: A Case Study

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 408-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor L. Gillum ◽  
Charles L. Dumke ◽  
Brent C. Ruby
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Glycogen Depletion ◽  
Glycogen Resynthesis ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Ironman Triathlon

Purpose:To describe the degrees of muscle-glycogen depletion and resynthesis in response to a half Ironman triathlon.Methods:One male subject (38 years of age) completed the Grand Columbian half Ironman triathlon (1.9-km swim, 90-km bike, 21.1-km run, Coulee City, Wash). Three muscle biopsies were obtained from his right vastus lateralis (prerace, immediately postrace, and 4 hours postrace). Prerace and postrace body weight were recorded, in addition to macronutrient consumption before, during, and after the race. Energy expenditure and whole-body substrate oxidation were estimated from linear regression established from laboratory trials (watts and run pace relative to VO2 and VCO2).Results:Body weight decreased 3.8 kg from prerace to postrace. Estimated CHO energy expenditure was 10,003 kJ for the bike segment and 5759 kJ for the run segment of the race. The athlete consumed 308 g of exogenous CHO (liquid and gel; 1.21 g CHO/min) during the race. Muscle glycogen decreased from 227.1 prerace to 38.6 mmol · kg wet weight−1 · h−1 postrace. During the 4 hours postrace, the athlete consumed a mixed diet (471 g CHO, 15 g fat, 64 g protein), which included liquid CHO sources and a meal. The calculated rate of muscle-glycogen resynthesis was 4.1 mmol · kg wet weight−1 · h−1.Conclusion:Completing a half Ironman triathlon depends on a high rate of muscle glycogenolysis, which demonstrates the importance of exogenous carbohydrate intake during the race. In addition, rates of muscle-glycogen resynthesis might be dampened by the eccentric damage resulting from the run portion of the race.

Statistical Evaluation of Total Energy Intake Based on the Number of Food Portions and Body Weight

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rousset S ◽  
◽  
Médard S ◽  
Fleury G ◽  
Fardet A ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Validation Dataset ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
The Mean

The evaluation of food intake based on various assessment methods is critical and underreporting is frequent. The aim of the study was to develop an indirect statistical method of the total energy intake estimation based on gender, weight and the number of portions. Energy intake prediction was developed and evaluated for validity using energy expenditure measurements given by the WellBeNet app. A total of 190 volunteers with various BMIs were recruited and assigned either in the train or the test sample. The mean energy provided by a portion was evaluated by linear regression models from the train sample. The absolute values of the error between the energy intake estimation and the energy expenditure measurement were calculated for each volunteer, by subgroup and for the whole group. The performance of the models was determined using the validation dataset. As the number of portions is the only variable used in the model, the error was 30.7% and 26.5% in the train and test sample. After adding body weight in the model, the error in absolute value decreased to 8.8% and 10.8% for the normal-weight women and men, and 11.7% and 12.8% for the overweight female and male volunteers, respectively. The findings of this study indicate that a statistical approach and knowledge of the usual number of portions and body weight is effective and sufficient to obtain a precise evaluation of energy intake (about 10% of error) after a simple and brief enquiry.

scholarly journals Changes in Resting Energy Expenditure following Gastric Bypass Surgery: Impact on Total Body Weight.

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fathimath Naseer ◽  
Ruth Price ◽  
Adele McElroy ◽  
Carel Le Roux ◽  
Tamsyn Redpath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Gastric Bypass ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Ree Group

AbstractBariatric surgery, including Gastric Bypass (GBP) Surgery, is the most efficient modality to manage severe obesity. Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) is an area of interest in the context of weight loss (WL) as it has been postulated to be an independent predictor of WL success following GBP. As such, the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of REE on WL following GBP. 31 GBP patients (77.4% females BMI 45.5 ± 7.0kg/m2 ; 47.3 ± 11.6y) and 32 weight-stable controls (46.9% females; BMI 27.0 ± 4.6kg/m2 ; 41.1 ± 13.5y) were assessed at one-month pre-surgery and at 3 and 12-months post-surgery. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (Lunar iDXA, GE Healthcare). REE was measured under standardised conditions using indirect calorimetry (ECAL, Metabolic Health Solutions). Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS v24.0, Armonk, NY. Multiple regression analysis showed that FM (P = 0.001), FFM (P < 0.0001) and gender (P = 0.012) significantly predicted the interindividual variability in REE. Total body weight (TBW) was removed from the model due to collinearity. Adjusted-REE values were then generated using the above predictor variables. Low-REE and high-REE groups were created using within-group adjusted-REE split. At both follow-ups (3- and 12-months post-surgery), patients had a greater reduction in TBW, FM, FFM, measured-REE and adjusted-REE values compared with controls (P < 0.0001). There was also no significant difference between measured and adjusted-REE values at all time-points (P > 0.05). Patients with high REEs at baseline lost more TBW than those in the low-REE group at 3-months post-surgery (-24.9 ± 6.5 kg vs. -16.6 ± 7.0 kg; P = 0.005) and 12-months post-surgery (-41.3 ± 12.5 kg vs. -25.8 ± 10.4.0 kg; P = 0.003). There was no significant difference in mean TBW changes for controls in the low-and high-REE groups at both follow-ups. Patients with high REEs at 3-months post-surgery did not lose more TBW than those in the low-REE group at 12-months post-surgery (-30.1 ± 12.8 kg vs. -38.6 ± 14.4 kg; P = 0.155). Similarly, there was no difference in mean TBW reduction between controls in the low- and high-REE groups (P = 0.115). Thus while patients with a high adjusted-REE value at baseline (> 9746.6kJ/day) lost more weight at 3- and 12-months post-GBP, it is plausible that from the third to the 12th month post-surgery, other key drivers of weight loss, particularly the reduction in energy intake are more important in predicting WL. Further research with a larger sample size is required to increase the chances of detecting a true effect.

Total Energy Expenditure, Substrate Use and Hydration during the Ironman World Championship: A Case Study

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S454
Author(s):  
Walter Hailes ◽  
Dustin Slivka ◽  
Charles Dumke ◽  
John Cuddy ◽  
Brent C. Ruby
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Substrate Use ◽  
World Championship

The effect of dehydration on Sudanese desert sheep and goats

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. El-Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Fluid Compartments ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARYChanges in body weight and body temperature were observed in Sudanese desert sheep and goats, which had been subjected to the summer sun (20 °C min. to 42 °C max.), given water normally and then deprived of water for 3 days. Tritiated water was also used to measure total body water and water turnover in these animals together with measurements of plasma and extracellular space, intracellular fluid volume and blood osmolality. The body weight and the size of the fluid compartments decreased in the two species at varying degrees associated with haemoconcentration. The extent of some changes was more marked in sheep than in goats, suggesting better adaptation of the former species to desert life.

Effect of cold exposure on water requirements on three species of small mammals

1977 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Deavers ◽  
J. W. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Blarina Brevicauda ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Total Body ◽  
White Footed Mouse

Water turnover rate (WTR) was determined from tritiated water (3H2O) loss in the short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda), red-backed vole (Clethrionomys gapperi), and white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus). When given ad libitum water at Ta of 20 degrees, B. brevicauda, C. gapperi, and P. leucopus turned over 16.2, 13.8, and 6.2 ml/day, respectively; minimum WTR was 9.9, 7.8, and 3.5 ml/day, respectively. When they were given ad libitum water at 5 degrees C, WTR was 1.4 to 1.6 times higher than at 20 degrees C. On minimum water rations, WTR at 5 degrees C was 1.7 to 1.9 times higher than at 20 degrees C. Since increases in VO2 at 5 degrees C and at 20 degrees C were of about the same magnitude, increased metabolic rates may have caused increased water requirements. Total body water (TBW) was calculated from 3H2O dilution. On minimum water rations, the three species at both Ta's showed decreases in TBW and body weight, but percent body H2O increased.

Water turnover and body composition during long-term exposure to high altitude (4,900-7,600 m)

1996 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 1118-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Fusch ◽  
W. Gfrorer ◽  
C. Koch ◽  
A. Thomas ◽  
A. Grunert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Broad Peak ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Base Camp ◽  
Total Body

Thirteen healthy subjects (11 men and 2 women; 30.2 +/- 5.4 yr; 73.5 +/- 10.3 kg; 178.9 +/- 10.4 cm; body mass index, 22.9 +/- 1.6 kg/m2) participated at the 62-day expedition to the Broad Peak (8,047 m), Pakistan. Weight, body water, and water turnover (deuterium dilution and elimination) were measured eight times to assess long-term changes. Body weight fell during the ascent to the base camp [from 73.2 +/- 9.8 (baseline) to 71.7 +/- 9.7 kg; P < 0.05] and decreased until the end of the base camp stay (66.7 +/- 7.2 kg; P < 0.0001). Body compartments changed at different rates. Total body water decreased during the ascent (from 43.1 +/- 7.3 to 41.0 +/- 7.7 liters; P < 0.05) and remained unchanged until the base camp was reached (41.2 +/- 6.9 liters; P < 0.01) but decreased further during the base camp stay (40.6 +/- 5.2 liters). Water content of the body (total body water-to-body weight ratio) fell during the ascent (from 58.6 +/- 3.4 to 55.8 +/- 4.4%; P < 0.01), approached the baseline value during the base camp (57.4 +/- 4.0 and 58.3 +/- 5.1%), and increased again until the end of the base camp (60.6 +/- 3.4 and 60.9 +/- 4.3%). The compartment of the solids increased during the ascent (from 30.2 +/- 3.4 to 32.2 +/- 4.9 kg; P < 0.01) and approached the baseline value on arrival at the base camp (30.5 +/- 4.7 kg). Until the end of the base camp, the compartment of the solids fell (26.9 +/- 2.6 and 26.1 +/- 4.0 kg), indicating that weight loss was due to a loss of body solids, presumably mostly fat mass. Water turnover during the pretest period (sea level) was 45 +/- 7 ml.kg-1.day-1; it increased during the ascent (56 +/- 11 and 60 +/- 10 ml.kg-1.day-1) but remained constant during the base camp stay (63 +/- 12, 58 +/- 9, and 56 +/- 10 ml.kg-1.day-1). It increased during the ascent to Broad Peak (73 +/- 20 ml.kg-1.day-1; P < 0.05) and even more during the descent to civilization (83 +/- 17 ml.kg-1.day-1; P < 0.05).

Squalene content in livers from deep-sea sharks caught in Canary Island waters

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Hernández-Pérez ◽  
Rosa M. Rabanal Gallego ◽  
Pedro J. Pascual Alayón ◽  
Alberto Brito Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Canary Island ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
Squalene Content ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Total Body

The content of liver oil from deep-sea sharks caught in Canary waters was examined to ascertain whether the species studied might be a source of commercially valuable squalene. Sixty-three sharks caught at depths of 600–2100 m represented seven species: Centroscymnus coelolepis, Centroscymnus cryptacanthus, Centrophorus squamosus, Centrophorus lusitanicus, Deania histricosa, Deania profundorum and Etmopterus princeps. The relative weight of the liver ranged from 15% to 26% of total body weight and 59–82% of the liver wet weight was oil. The major lipid classes were hydrocarbons (45–77% in liver oil), as is typical of most deep-water sharks. High concentrations of squalene in the livers (27–61% of liver wet weight) suggested that sharks caught in deep waters off the Canary Islands could be a rich source of squalene. Resumen. Se ha examinado el contenido de aceite en hígado de tiburones capturados en aguas profundas de Canarias, con el fin de comprobar si las especies estudiadas pueden constituir una fuente valiosa de escualeno a nivel comercial. Para ello fueron analizados 63 ejemplares de siete especies de tiburón capturadas a una profundidad entre 600 y 2100 m: Centroscymnus coelolepis, Centroscymnus cryptacanthus, Centrophorus squamosus, Centrophorus lusitanicus, Deania histricosa, Deania profundorum y Etmopterus princeps. El peso de los hígados supone el 15–26% del peso total de tiburón y el 59–82% del peso de hígado es aceite. Los lípidos que se encuentran en mayor proporción (45–77% en aceite) fueron identificados como hidrocarburos, lo cual es típico en la mayoría de los tiburones de profundidad. Los hígados contienen altas concentraciones de escualeno (27–61% en peso de hígado) indicando que efectivamente los tiburones capturados en aguas profundas de Canarias pueden ser una buena fuente de escualeno.

Distribution and turnover of water in Merino sheep selected for high wool production

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 491 ◽  
Author(s):  
WV Macfarlane ◽  
CHS Dolling ◽  
B Howard
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Extracellular Volume ◽  
Body Water ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Body

Estimates of the distribution of body water and the rate of water turnover were made on medium Peppin Merino ewes grazing on Mitchell grass association pasture in south-western Queensland during January and November. It so happened that the January measurements were made while the sheep were on lush green pasture following good rains, and that the November measurements were made on dry pasture after a number of months of low rainfall. The estimates made on each sheep included those of plasma volume, extracellular volume, total body water, plasma protein, and water turnover per 24 hr. The ewes, which were approximately 4¼ and 4¾ years of age at the times of measurement, were drawn either from a flock which had been under selection for high clean wool production per head or from a control flock in which all animals used for breeding had been chosen at random from those available. Twelve ewes from each flock were observed in January, and a different set of 10 ewes from each flock was observed in November. Body fluid compartments, as millilitres per kilogram body weight, were greater during the wet: than during the dry period. Plasma volumes were significantly greater in January than in November by 10.3% for the selected ewes and 18.2% for control ewes. The estimates of extracellular volume showed a similar significant difference between the months (15.4% for selected ewes and 17.4% for controls). The January measurements of total body water exceeded the November observations by 9.6% in the selected ewes and 11.2% in the control ewes, both increases being significant. In none of these three characteristics, however, were the selected ewes significantly different from the control ewes during either January or November. The 24 hr turnover of water in millilitres per kilogram body weight was significantly greater in January than in November by 30% for selected sheep and 51.1% for controls. The high water content of pasture during January greatly reduced the free water intake from troughs (ratio of respective water intakes of control and selected sheep was 100/123.7 in November and 1.3/1.5 in January); and the low dry matter content of the food became the major determinant of water turnover. When grazing relatively dry grasses in November, the selected sheep turned over significantly more water than did the controls (ratio control to selected was 100/113.7), but in January the turnovers were not significantly different (control/selected = 137.5/128.7).

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