Recalibration of the Local Magnitude (ML) Scale for Earthquakes in the Yellowstone Volcanic Region

ABSTRACT The Yellowstone volcanic region is one of the most seismically active areas in the western United States. Assigning magnitudes (M) to Yellowstone earthquakes is a critical component of monitoring this geologically dynamic zone. The University of Utah Seismograph Stations (UUSS) has assigned M to 46,767 earthquakes in Yellowstone that occurred between 1 January 1984 and 31 December 2020. Here, we recalibrate the local magnitude (ML) distance and station corrections for the Yellowstone volcanic region. This revision takes advantage of the large catalog of earthquakes and an increase in broadband stations installed by the UUSS since the last ML update in 2007. Using a nonparametric method, we invert 7728 high-quality, analyst-reviewed amplitude measurements from 1383 spatially distributed earthquakes for 39 distance corrections and 20 station corrections. The inversion is constrained with four moment magnitude (Mw) values determined from time-domain inversion of regional-distance broadband waveforms by the UUSS. Overall, the new distance corrections indicate relatively high attenuation of amplitudes with distance. The distance corrections decrease with hypocentral distance from 3 km to a local minimum at 80 km, rise to a broad peak at 110 km, and then decrease again out to 180 km. The broad peak may result from superposition of direct arrivals with near-critical Moho reflections. Our ML inversion doubles the number of stations with ML corrections in and near the Yellowstone volcanic region. We estimate that the additional station corrections will nearly triple the number of Yellowstone earthquakes that can be assigned an ML. The new ML distance and station corrections will also reduce uncertainties in the mean MLs for Yellowstone earthquakes. The new MLs are ∼0.07 (±0.18) magnitude units smaller than the previous MLs and have better agreement with 12 Mws (3.15–4.49) determined by the UUSS and Saint Louis University.

Applications of Smart Material of Li2O-(Nb/Ta)2O5-TiO2 Solid Solution Having a Unique Periodical Structure

In the Li2O-M2O5-TiO2 system, Li1+x-yM1-x-3yTix+4yO3 (M = Nb, or Ta, 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.33, 0 ≤ y ≤ 0.175 (LMT) forms a superstructure, known as smart material. The superstructure is formed by periodical insertion of a corundum-type intergrowth layer of [Ti2O3]2+ in a matrix having a trigonal structure during the grain growth. To apply this unique structure as a host material of phosphor, new phosphors doped with Mn4+ ion with a red emission colour, which had a broad peak around 685 nm excited by 493 nm. In order to improve the PL intensity, we investigated the compositions, Mn4+ ratio and crystal structure. Results showed that PL intensity was closely related to Mn4+ ratio and its crystal structure.

Irradiation Effects of Swift Heavy Ions Detected by Refractive Index Depth Profiling

Evolution of depth profiles of the refractive index in Y3Al5O12 (YAG) crystals were studied under 200 MeV 136Xe14+ ion irradiation, since the index can be related with the stress change and/or the defect formation by the irradiation. Using the prism-coupling and the end-surface coupling methods, various waveguide (WG) modes were detected. Then, the index depth profiles were determined by reproducing the observed WG modes. The index changes were observed at three different depth regions; (i) a sharp dip at 13 μm in depth, which is attributed to the nuclear stopping Sn peak, (ii) a plateau near the surface between 0 and 3 μm in depth, which can be ascribed to the electronic stopping Se, since Se has a very broad peak at the surface, and (iii) a broad peak at 6 μm in depth. Since the last peak is ascribed to neither of Se nor Sn peak, it could be attributed to the synergy effect of Se and Sn.

LOW-TEMPERATURE ANNEALING OF LIGHT-EMITTING DEFECTS IN SILICON, IRRADIATED WITH SWIFT HEAVY IONS

The optical and structural properties of silicon irradiated with swift heavy Xe ions are investigated. In the photoluminescence (PL) spectra at low temperatures, a broad peak is observed in the range 1.3 - 1.5 μm. With an increase in the irradiation dose from 5 × 1010 to 1013 cm –2, the PL peak decreases and became narrows. Annealing at a temperature of 400° C leads to multiple signal amplification (up to 35 times).

PURIFICATION OF β-GLUCOSIDASE PRODUCED FROM Trichoderma viride USING COW DUNG AS CARBON SOURCE

β-glucosidases have characteristics of biotechnological interest and have thus become important industrial enzymes.In this study, β-glucosidase produced by Trichoderma viride from cow dung was subjected to a three step purification process involving ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel filtration by Sephadex G-100 and ion exchange chromatography by DEAE-Sephadex A-25. The elution profile on Sephadex G-100 resulted in a single broad peak (fractions 9-21) which had a yield of 3.7% and a purification fold of 4.29 with a specific activity of 25.70 µmol/min/mg proteins while the elution profile on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 resulted in a single broad peak (fraction 8-14) which had a yield of 2.76% and a purification fold of 22.14 with a specific activity of 132.41µmol/min/mg of protein. The purified enzyme was obtained as a single band and had a molecular mass of 51.8 kDa on SDS-PAGE. This results provide support for further studies of this enzyme towards revealing its potential biotechnological applications.

Люминесцентные свойства высокоомного кремния, облученного тяжелыми ионами высоких энергий

The float zone (high-resistance) silicon irradiated with swift heavy ions was studied by photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy method. In addition to well-known X, W, W’, R and C lines, a broad peak (1.3 – 1.5 μm) appears in PL spectra at low-temperatures. As the irradiation dose increases from 3•10_11 to 10_13 cm-2, the PL intensity decreases by about an order of magnitude, also a narrowing of the peak with red-shift is observed.

Differential Enriched Scan 2 (DEScan2): a fast pipeline for broad peak analysis

Nowadays, the analysis of RNA-seq and BS-Seq can be considered well established, whereas the analysis of broad peaks data as Sono-Seq/ATAC-Seq and histone modification (HM) ChIP-Seq is still challenging. To fill the gap in existing methods, we present DEScan2 a novel bioconductor package [2] for the analysis of broad peaks data. The method consists of three main steps: 1) a peak caller, 2) peak filtering and alignment across replicates and 3) a method to efficiently compute a count matrix of the filtered peaks. Using an already published ATAC-Seq dataset for chromatin accessibility our method shows interesting results, also by comparing it with other well-known tools for this kind of data analysis.

Differential Enriched Scan 2 (DEScan2): a fast pipeline for broad peak analysis

Nowadays, the analysis of RNA-seq and BS-Seq can be considered well established, whereas the analysis of broad peaks data as Sono-Seq/ATAC-Seq and histone modification (HM) ChIP-Seq is still challenging. To fill the gap in existing methods, we present DEScan2 a novel bioconductor package [2] for the analysis of broad peaks data. The method consists of three main steps: 1) a peak caller, 2) peak filtering and alignment across replicates and 3) a method to efficiently compute a count matrix of the filtered peaks. Using an already published ATAC-Seq dataset for chromatin accessibility our method shows interesting results, also by comparing it with other well-known tools for this kind of data analysis.

Large electrocaloric effect obtained in Ba(SnxTi1−x)O3 lead-free ceramics using direct and indirect measurements

The electrocaloric effect (ECE) in lead-free BaSnxTi[Formula: see text]O3 (BSnT, [Formula: see text], 0.10 and 0.15) ceramics were investigated using a direct ECE measurement. Results indicate that the maximum ECE occurs near the Curie temperature and it slightly shifts towards high temperatures. The directly measured ECE is larger than that calculated using the Maxwell relation and P-E loops. A maximum electrocaloric efficiency [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]KmV[Formula: see text] was procured for the composition with [Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]K. And it also shows a broad peak in the temperature range of 250–320[Formula: see text]K.