Upper-Extremity Physical-Performance Tests in College Athletes

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey B. Taylor ◽  
Alexis A. Wright ◽  
James M. Smoliga ◽  
J. Tyler DePew ◽  
Eric J. Hegedus
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Division I ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Screening Battery ◽  
Division I Athletes ◽  
The Relationship

Context:Physical-performance tests (PPTs) are commonly used in rehabilitation and injury-prevention settings, yet normative values of upper-extremity PPTs have not been established in high-level athletes.Objective:To establish normative data values for the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper-Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST) and Upper-Quarter Y-Balance Test (UQYBT) in college athletes and compare results between sports and to analyze the relationship between the 2 tests.Design:Observational.Setting:Laboratory/athletic facility.Participants:257 (118 male, 139 female) Division I athletes participating in basketball, soccer, baseball, lacrosse, volleyball, track and field, and cross-country.Intervention:CKCUEST and UQYBT scores were recorded as part of a comprehensive injury-risk screening battery.Main Outcome Measure:Pearson correlations assessed the relationship between all measures of the CKCUEST and UQYBT. A factorial ANOVA and a repeated-measures ANOVA (arm dominance) were used to assess interactions between sex, year in school, and sport for CKCUEST and UQYBT scores.Results:Normative values for the CKCUEST and UQYBT were established for 9 men’s and women’s college sports. No significant relationships were found between PPT scores. Men scored significantly higher than women for the CKCUEST (P = .002) and UQYBT (P = .010). Baseball players scored significantly higher than athletes from all other sports for the UQYBT (P < .001) but showed nonsignificant trends of lower scores for the CKCUEST than lower-extremity-dominant athletes such as runners (P = .063) and lacrosse players (P = .058).Conclusions:Results suggest that average CKCUEST and UQYBT scores in Division I athletes are distinct from those previously reported in recreationally active populations and that performance differences exist between sexes and sports. In addition, the CKCUEST and UQYBT appear to measure different constructs of performance and may complement each other as part of a screening battery.

Association of the Functional Movement Screen With Injuries in Division I Athletes

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan Warren ◽  
Craig A. Smith ◽  
Nicole J. Chimera
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Division I ◽  
Functional Movement Screen ◽  
Functional Movement ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Fundamental Movement Patterns ◽  
Division I Athletes

Context:The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) evaluates performance in 7 fundamental movement patterns using a 4-point scale. Previous studies have reported increased injury risk with a composite score (CS) of 14/21 or less; these studies were limited to specific sports and injury definition.Objective:To examine the association between FMS CS and movement pattern scores and acute noncontact and overuse musculoskeletal injuries in division I college athletes. An exploratory objective was to assess the association between injury and FMS movement pattern asymmetry.Design:Prospective cohort.Setting:College athletic facilities.Participants:167 injury-free, college basketball, football, volleyball, cross country, track and field, swimming/diving, soccer, golf, and tennis athletes (males = 89).Intervention:The FMS was administered during preparticipation examination.Main Outcome Measure:Noncontact or overuse injuries that required intervention from the athletic trainer during the sport season.Results:FMS CS was not different between those injured (n = 74; 14.3 ± 2.5) and those not (14.1 ± 2.4; P = .57). No point on the ROC curve maximized sensitivity and specificity; therefore previously published cut-point was used for analysis with injury (≤14 [n = 92]). After adjustment, no statistically significant association between FMS CS and injury (odds ratio [OR] = 1.01, 95% CI 0.53–1.91) existed. Lunge was the only movement pattern that was associated with injury; those scoring 2 were less likely to have an injury vs those who scored 3 (OR = 0.21, 95% CI 0.08–0.59). There was also no association between FMS movement pattern asymmetry and injury.Conclusion:FMS CS, movement patterns, and asymmetry were poor predictors of noncontact and overuse injury in this cohort of division I athletes.

Athletes’ Perceptions of Their Team Motivational Climate, Career Exploration and Engagement, and Athletic Identity

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 360-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiira N. Poux ◽  
Mary D. Fry
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Athletic Identity ◽  
Career Exploration ◽  
Motivational Climate ◽  
Division I ◽  
Sport Teams ◽  
High Level ◽  
Division I Athletes ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between studentathletes’ perceptions of the motivational climate on their sport teams and their own career exploration and engagement and athletic identity. Student-athletes (N = 101) from various National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I institutions were administered online surveys. Canonical correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between the climate variables (i.e., caring, task, and ego) and athletic identity, career self-efficacy, and career exploration/engagement. One significant function emerged: Perceptions of a high task-involving climate and moderate caring climate were positively associated with athletes’ reporting higher athletic identity, career self-efficacy, and career exploration/engagement. Results suggest that Division I athletes may benefit from having coaches who foster a caring and task-involving team climate with regard to the athletes’ development as holistic individuals who spend their college years performing at a high level of sport and also preparing for their lives after college and sports.

Normative values for physical performance tests in community dwelling older, Irish adults

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. S61
Author(s):  
R.A. Kenny ◽  
R.F. Coen ◽  
J. Frewen ◽  
H. Cronin ◽  
O.A. Donoghue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Performance Tests

Knee-Joint Position Sense: The Relationship between Open and Closed Kinetic Chain Tests

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 356-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Herrington
Keyword(s):  
Error Score ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Position Sense ◽  
Joint Position Sense ◽  
Kinetic Chain ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Closed Kinetic Chain ◽  
The Relationship

Context:Authors have investigated knee joint-position sense (JPS) in non-weight-bearing open kinetic chain (OKC) manner, but few have investigated JPS during closed kinetic chain (CKC) weight-bearing activities or the relationship between these two.Objective:To investigate the relationship between knee JPS during OKC and CKC maneuvers.Design:2-group (men and women) repeated-measures.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory.Participants:80 asymptomatic subjects.Interventions:None.Main Outcome Measure:Absolute error score of knee JPS during 2 conditions, a CKC squat or OKC knee-flexion maneuver.Results:Statistical analysis by 2-way ANOVA showed sex not to have a significant effect on error score (P= .475), but statistically significant differences between error scores occurred during the 2 tests (P= .0001), the CKC test producing lower error scores (group mean absolute error score OKC [5.6° ± 4.3°] and CKC [2.8° ± 2.4°]), with the absence of a correlation between scores of each test (r= .1).Conclusion:Testing JPS in a CKC scenario would seem appropriate—the ability is greatest (least errors), and conversely any deficits might be most obvious.

scholarly journals Healthy Pediatric Athletes Have Significant Baseline Limb Asymmetries on Common Return-to-Sport Physical Performance Tests

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 232596712098230
Author(s):  
John R. Magill ◽  
Heather S. Myers ◽  
Trevor A. Lentz ◽  
Laura S. Pietrosimone ◽  
Thomas Risoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Return To Sport ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Return to sport (RTS) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in children is associated with a much higher risk (∼30%) of subsequent ACL injury than in adults. Most RTS testing protocols use a limb symmetry index (LSI) ≥90% on physical performance tests (PPTs) to assess an athlete’s readiness for sport. This assumes that, in a healthy state, the physical performances across both lower extremities are and should be equal. Purpose: To determine the prevalence of limb asymmetries >10% in the uninjured pediatric population on common PPTs as well as to explore the relationship between athlete variables, limb preference, and LSI values. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: This study included healthy volunteers (N = 100) evenly distributed between the ages of 6 and 18 years (mean age, 11.7 ± 3.6 years; 52% female). Participants performed 9 common PPTs. For analysis, we developed a composite score for each limb by averaging trials. We then calculated the LSI for each test. Univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between athlete variables (age, sex, height, and weight) and LSI for each PPT. Results: Instances of poor baseline limb symmetry (<90% LSI) were common across all PPTs. The single-leg timed hop had the highest percentage of participants, with LSI ≥90% at 73%, while the stork on a Bosu ball had the lowest percentage at 23%. After adjusting for age, female sex showed a significant association with LSI for the stork test ( P = .010) and the quadrant hop–counterclockwise ( P = .021). Additionally, after adjusting for sex, increasing age showed a significant association with LSI for the stork test ( P < .001), single-leg squat on a Bosu ball ( P = .010), quadrant hop–clockwise ( P = .016), and quadrant hop–counterclockwise ( P = .009). Conclusion: The majority of healthy athletes 18 years and younger demonstrated significant (<90%) limb asymmetries. Limb symmetry was not consistently affected by participant age or sex, and the effect sizes of these relationships were small. These findings should encourage clinicians and coaches to exercise caution in using the LSI as an isolated measure of RTS readiness after injury in pediatric athletes.

scholarly journals Assessment of Accelerometers for Measuring Upper-Extremity Physical Activity

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Lawinger ◽  
Tim L. Uhl ◽  
Mark Abel ◽  
Srinath Kamineni
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Isokinetic Dynamometer ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Arm Motions ◽  
Exercise Compliance

Objective:The overarching goal of this study was to examine the use of triaxial accelerometers in measuring upper-extremity motions to monitor upper-extremity-exercise compliance. There were multiple questions investigated, but the primary objective was to investigate the correlation between visually observed arm motions and triaxial accelerometer activity counts to establish fundamental activity counts for the upper extremity.Study Design:Cross-sectional, basic research.Setting:Clinical laboratory.Participants:Thirty healthy individuals age 26 ± 6 y, body mass 24 ± 3 kg, and height 1.68 ± 0.09 m volunteered.Intervention:Participants performed 3 series of tasks: activities of daily living (ADLs), rehabilitation exercises, and passive shoulder range of motion at 5 specific velocities on an isokinetic dynamometer while wearing an accelerometer on each wrist. Participants performed exercises with their dominant arm to examine differences between sides. A researcher visually counted all arm motions to correlate counts with physical activity counts provided by the accelerometer.Main Outcome Measure:Physical activity counts derived from the accelerometer and visually observed activity counts recorded from a single investigator.Results:There was a strong positive correlation (r = .93, P < .01) between accelerometer physical activity counts and visual activity counts for all ADLs. Accelerometers activity counts demonstrated side-to-side difference for all ADLs (P < .001) and 5 of the 7 rehabilitation activities (P < .003). All velocities tested on the isokinetic dynamometer were shown to be significantly different from each other (P < .001).Conclusion:There is a linear relationship between arm motions counted visually and the physical activity counts generated by an accelerometer, indicating that arm motions could be potentially accounted for if monitoring arm usage. The accelerometers can detect differences in relatively slow arm-movement velocities, which is critical if attempting to evaluate exercise compliance during early phases of shoulder rehabilitation. These results provide fundamental information that indicates that triaxial accelerometers have the potential to objectively monitor and measure arm activities during rehabilitation and ADLs.

Subcutaneous Tissue Thickness Alters the Effect of NMES

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Miller ◽  
Christopher C. Cheatham ◽  
William R. Holcomb ◽  
Rosealin Ganschow ◽  
Timothy J. Michael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Fixed Design ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
The Relationship

Context:No direct research has been conducted on the relationship between subcutaneous tissue thickness and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES).Objective:The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of subcutaneous tissue thickness on NMES amplitude and NMES force production of the quadriceps.Design:Simple fixed design, testing the independent variable of subcutaneous thickness (skinfold) groups with the dependent variables of NMES amplitude and force production.Setting:Athletic Training Laboratory.Participants:29 healthy women.Intervention:NMES to produce at least 30% of maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) of the quadriceps.Main Outcome Measure:Maximal NMES amplitude and percentage of MVIC using NMES.Results:A significant skinfold category difference F2,28 = 3.92, P = .032 on NMES amplitude was found. Post hoc revealed the thinnest skinfold category tolerated less amplitude compared to the thickest category. A significant correlation was found between NMES amplitude skinfold category R = .557, P = .002.Conclusion:Higher NMES amplitudes are needed for the thickest skinfold category compared to the thinnest skinfold category.

scholarly journals Dietary acrylamide and physical performance tests: A cross-sectional analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259320
Author(s):  
Nicola Veronese ◽  
Ligia J. Dominguez ◽  
Saverio Ragusa ◽  
Luisa Solimando ◽  
Lee Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Acrylamide ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Background Dietary acrylamide is found in certain foods, such as deep frying, baking and roasting, and is associated with higher inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters. The association between dietary acrylamide and physical performance has not yet been explored. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between dietary acrylamide intake and physical performance tests in a large cohort of North American individuals affected by knee osteoarthritis or at high risk for this condition. Methods Dietary acrylamide intake was obtained through a food frequency questionnaire and reported in quartiles and as an increase in deciles. Physical performance was explored using the 20-meter usual pace test, the 400-meter walking distance, and the chair stands time. The association between dietary acrylamide and physical performance tests was explored using linear regression analysis, adjusted for potential confounders. Results 4,436 participants (2,578 women, mean age: 61.3) were enrolled. People in the highest quartile of dietary acrylamide reported significantly longer 20-meter walking (15.53±3.32 vs. 15.15±2.91 s), 400-meter walking (312±54 vs. 305±58 s) and chair stands (11.36±4.08 vs. 10.67±3.50 s) times than their counterparts in Q1. In adjusted linear regression analyses, each increase in one decile in dietary acrylamide was associated with a longer time in walking for 20 meters (beta = 0.032; 95%CI: 0.016–0.048; p = 0.04), 400 meters (beta = 0.048; 95%CI: 0.033–0.063; p = 0.002) and chair stands (beta = 0.016; 95%CI: 0.005–0.037; p = 0.04) times. Conclusion Higher dietary acrylamide intake was significantly associated with poor physical performance, also after accounting for potential confounders, suggesting a role for this food contaminant as a possible risk factor for sarcopenia.

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