Subcutaneous Tissue Thickness Alters the Effect of NMES

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Miller ◽  
Christopher C. Cheatham ◽  
William R. Holcomb ◽  
Rosealin Ganschow ◽  
Timothy J. Michael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Fixed Design ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
The Relationship

Context:No direct research has been conducted on the relationship between subcutaneous tissue thickness and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES).Objective:The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of subcutaneous tissue thickness on NMES amplitude and NMES force production of the quadriceps.Design:Simple fixed design, testing the independent variable of subcutaneous thickness (skinfold) groups with the dependent variables of NMES amplitude and force production.Setting:Athletic Training Laboratory.Participants:29 healthy women.Intervention:NMES to produce at least 30% of maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) of the quadriceps.Main Outcome Measure:Maximal NMES amplitude and percentage of MVIC using NMES.Results:A significant skinfold category difference F2,28 = 3.92, P = .032 on NMES amplitude was found. Post hoc revealed the thinnest skinfold category tolerated less amplitude compared to the thickest category. A significant correlation was found between NMES amplitude skinfold category R = .557, P = .002.Conclusion:Higher NMES amplitudes are needed for the thickest skinfold category compared to the thinnest skinfold category.

The Effect of Rest Intervals on Knee-Extension Torque Production with Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Holcomb ◽  
Mack D. Rubley ◽  
Michael G. Miller ◽  
Tedd J. Girouard
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Rest Interval ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Rest Intervals

Context:Previous studies using neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) have suggested that 30-second rest intervals are too short for sufficient recovery.Objective:To compare the effect of rest interval on knee-extension torque production.Design:Counterbalanced mixed design to test independent variable, rest interval; ANOVA to analyze dependent variable, percentage decline.Setting:Athletic training research laboratory.Participants:24 healthy men and women.Intervention:Participants performed knee extension under 2 contraction conditions, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and NMES with either 30- or 120-second rest between repetitions.Main Outcome Measure:Peak torque produced during each repetition of a 5-repetition set.Results:The main effect for rest interval was significant (F1,23= 30.30,P= .001), as was the main effect for condition (F1,23= 11.18,P= .003).Conclusions:A 120-second rest between repetitions is recommended when using NMES in early rehabilitation because force decline across repetitions with 30-second rest during NMES is greater than with MVIC.

A Comparison of Knee-Extension Torque Production with Biphasic versus Russian Current

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Holcomb ◽  
Shahin Golestani ◽  
Shante Hill
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Strength Loss ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Main Outcome Measure

Context:Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can be used to prevent the atrophy and strength loss associated with immobilization.Objective:To compare the effects of biphasic current and the modulated “Russian” current on muscular torque production during different contraction conditions.Design, Setting, and Participants:In a within-subjects design, 10 healthy subjects in an athletic training laboratory received NMES.Interventions:Isometric knee-extension torque was recorded with the Biodex™ under 4 conditions: maximum voluntary contraction (MVC; control), MVC superimposed with low-intensity stimulation (sham), MVC superimposed with high-intensity stimulation, and high-intensity stimulation only.Main Outcome Measure:Data normalized for body weight were analyzed using a 2 (current type) X 4 (condition) repeated-measures analysis of variance.Results:The main effect for current type was not significant, F1,9 = .03, P = .87.

The Effects of Superficial Heating before 1-MHz Ultrasound on Tissue Temperature

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Holcomb ◽  
Chris Blank
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Tissue Temperature ◽  
Temperature Elevation ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Cooling Period ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Independent Variable

Context:Ultrasound significantly raises tissue temperature, but the time of temperature elevation is short.Objective:To assess the effectiveness of superficial preheating on temperature elevation and decline when using ultrasound.Design:Within-subjects design to test the independent variable, treatment condition; repeated-measures ANOVAs to analyze the dependent variables, temperature elevation and decline.Setting:Athletic training laboratory.Intervention:Temperature at a depth of 3.75 cm was measured during ultrasound after superficial heating and with ultrasound alone.Subjects:10 healthy men.Main Outcome Measure:Temperature was recorded every 30 s during 15 min of ultrasound and for 15 min afterward.Results:Temperature elevation with ultrasound was significantly greater with preheating (4.0 ± 0.21 °C) than with ultrasound alone (3.0 ± 0.22 °C). Temperature decline was not significantly different between preheating and ultrasound alone.Conclusions:Superficial preheating significantly increases temperature elevation but has no effect on temperature decline during a 15-min cooling period.

scholarly journals Cooling of Lower Extremity Muscles According to Subcutaneous Tissue Thickness

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 1304-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noelle M. Selkow
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
End Of Treatment ◽  
Standardized Treatment

Context When using an ice bag, previous researchers recommended cooling times based on the amount of subcutaneous tissue. Unfortunately, many clinicians are unaware of these recommendations or whether they can be applied to other muscles. Objective To examine if muscles of the lower extremity cool similarly based on recommended cooling times. Design Crossover study. Setting Athletic training laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Fourteen healthy participants volunteered (8 men, 6 women; age = 21.1 ± 2.2 years, height = 174.2 ± 4.5 cm, weight = 74.0 ± 7.5 kg). Intervention(s) Subcutaneous tissue thickness was measured at the largest girth of the thigh, medial gastrocnemius, and medial hamstring. Participants were randomized to have either the rectus femoris or medial gastrocnemius and medial hamstring tested first. Using sterile techniques, the examiner inserted a thermocouple 1 cm into the muscle after accounting for subcutaneous tissue thickness. After the temperature stabilized, a 750-g ice bag was applied for 10 to 60 minutes to the area(s) for the recommended length of time based on subcutaneous adipose thickness (0 to 5 mm [10 minutes]; 5.5 to 10 mm (25 minutes]; 10.5 to 15 mm [40 minutes]; 15.5 to 20 mm [60 minutes)]. After the ice bag was removed, temperature was monitored for 30 minutes. At least 1 week later, each participant returned to complete testing of the other muscle(s). Main Outcome Measure(s) Intramuscular temperature (°C) at baseline, end of treatment time (0 minutes), and posttreatment recovery (10, 20, and 30 minutes postintervention). Results At the end of treatment, temperature did not differ by subcutaneous tissue thickness (10 minutes = 29.0°C ± 3.8°C, 25 minutes = 28.7°C ± 3.2°C, 40 minutes = 28.7°C ± 6.0°C, 60 minutes = 30.0°C ± 2.9°C) or muscle (rectus femoris = 30.1°C ± 3.8°C, gastrocnemius = 28.6°C ± 5.4°C, hamstrings = 28.1°C ± 2.5°C). No significant interaction was present for subcutaneous tissue thickness or muscle (P ≥ .126). Conclusions Lower extremity muscles seemed to cool similarly based on the recommended cooling times for subcutaneous tissue thickness. Clinicians should move away from standardized treatment times and adjust the amount of cooling time by ice-bag application based on subcutaneous tissue thickness.

Upper-Extremity Physical-Performance Tests in College Athletes

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey B. Taylor ◽  
Alexis A. Wright ◽  
James M. Smoliga ◽  
J. Tyler DePew ◽  
Eric J. Hegedus
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Division I ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Screening Battery ◽  
Division I Athletes ◽  
The Relationship

Context:Physical-performance tests (PPTs) are commonly used in rehabilitation and injury-prevention settings, yet normative values of upper-extremity PPTs have not been established in high-level athletes.Objective:To establish normative data values for the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper-Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST) and Upper-Quarter Y-Balance Test (UQYBT) in college athletes and compare results between sports and to analyze the relationship between the 2 tests.Design:Observational.Setting:Laboratory/athletic facility.Participants:257 (118 male, 139 female) Division I athletes participating in basketball, soccer, baseball, lacrosse, volleyball, track and field, and cross-country.Intervention:CKCUEST and UQYBT scores were recorded as part of a comprehensive injury-risk screening battery.Main Outcome Measure:Pearson correlations assessed the relationship between all measures of the CKCUEST and UQYBT. A factorial ANOVA and a repeated-measures ANOVA (arm dominance) were used to assess interactions between sex, year in school, and sport for CKCUEST and UQYBT scores.Results:Normative values for the CKCUEST and UQYBT were established for 9 men’s and women’s college sports. No significant relationships were found between PPT scores. Men scored significantly higher than women for the CKCUEST (P = .002) and UQYBT (P = .010). Baseball players scored significantly higher than athletes from all other sports for the UQYBT (P < .001) but showed nonsignificant trends of lower scores for the CKCUEST than lower-extremity-dominant athletes such as runners (P = .063) and lacrosse players (P = .058).Conclusions:Results suggest that average CKCUEST and UQYBT scores in Division I athletes are distinct from those previously reported in recreationally active populations and that performance differences exist between sexes and sports. In addition, the CKCUEST and UQYBT appear to measure different constructs of performance and may complement each other as part of a screening battery.

scholarly journals Development of a Measure of Rehabilitation Adherence for Athletic Training

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan D. Granquist ◽  
Diane L. Gill ◽  
Renee N. Appaneal
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Optimal Outcomes ◽  
Training Facility ◽  
Rehabilitation Adherence ◽  
Good Internal Consistency

Context:Rehabilitation adherence is accepted as a critical component for attaining optimal outcomes. Poor adherence is recognized as a problem in the athletic training setting. Measurement has been inconsistent, and no measure has been developed for athletic training settings.Objective:To identify indicators of sportinjury rehabilitation adherence relevant to athletic training and develop a Rehabilitation Adherence Measure for Athletic Training (RAdMAT) based on these indicators.Design:Mixed methods, 3 steps.Setting:College athletic training facility.Participants:Practicing certified athletic trainers (ATCs; n = 7) generated items, experts (n = 12) reviewed them, and practicing ATCs (n = 164) completed the RAdMAT for their most, average, and least adherent athlete.Main Outcome Measure:RAdMAT.Results:The RAdMAT is 16 items with 3 subscales. Subscales and total have good internal consistency and clearly discriminate among adherence levels.Conclusions:The RAdMAT is based on scholarly literature and clinical practice, making it particularly appropriate for use in athletic training clinical practice or for research purposes.

Knee-Joint Position Sense: The Relationship between Open and Closed Kinetic Chain Tests

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 356-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Herrington
Keyword(s):  
Error Score ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Position Sense ◽  
Joint Position Sense ◽  
Kinetic Chain ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Closed Kinetic Chain ◽  
The Relationship

Context:Authors have investigated knee joint-position sense (JPS) in non-weight-bearing open kinetic chain (OKC) manner, but few have investigated JPS during closed kinetic chain (CKC) weight-bearing activities or the relationship between these two.Objective:To investigate the relationship between knee JPS during OKC and CKC maneuvers.Design:2-group (men and women) repeated-measures.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory.Participants:80 asymptomatic subjects.Interventions:None.Main Outcome Measure:Absolute error score of knee JPS during 2 conditions, a CKC squat or OKC knee-flexion maneuver.Results:Statistical analysis by 2-way ANOVA showed sex not to have a significant effect on error score (P= .475), but statistically significant differences between error scores occurred during the 2 tests (P= .0001), the CKC test producing lower error scores (group mean absolute error score OKC [5.6° ± 4.3°] and CKC [2.8° ± 2.4°]), with the absence of a correlation between scores of each test (r= .1).Conclusion:Testing JPS in a CKC scenario would seem appropriate—the ability is greatest (least errors), and conversely any deficits might be most obvious.

College Athletes’ Expectations About Injury Rehabilitation With an Athletic Trainer

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Hart ◽  
Damien Clement ◽  
Jordan Hamson-Utley ◽  
Monna Arvinen-Barrow ◽  
Cindra Kamphoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Athletic Trainer ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Injury Rehabilitation ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Main Outcome Measure

Context:Injured athletes begin the rehabilitation process with expectations about the nature of the working relationship with an athletic trainer. These expectations can infuence the effectiveness of the assistance provided.Objective:To determine whether male and female athletes differed in terms of expectations about injury rehabilitation services with an athletic trainer.Design:A questionnaire was administered to student athletes that assessed expectations about injury rehabilitation. Setting: Five colleges and universities.Patients or Other Participants:Questionnaire responses were provided by 679 student athletes (443 males and 236 females).Main Outcome Measure:Responses to the Expectations about Athletic Training questionnaire were used to assess factors identifed as Personal Commitment, Facilitative Conditions, Athletic Trainer Expertise, and Realism.Results:A statistically signifcant interaction between gender and prior experience was identifed. Male athletes with no prior experience had lower expectations for a facilitative environment. Female athletes with prior experience were less likely to have realistic expectations.Conclusions:Gender and prior experience infuence athletes’ expectations of injury rehabilitation with an athletic trainer.

scholarly journals Association between early feeding of banana (Musa paradisiaca) and vomiting or abdominal distention in neonates

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Hananto Wiryo ◽  
M Hakimi ◽  
A Samik Wahab ◽  
Pitono Soeparto
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Abdominal Distention ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Early Feeding ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Musa Paradisiaca ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lombok Island

Objective To assess the relationship between banana given asearly solid food feeding and symptoms of intestinal obstruction (SIO)such as vomiting and abdominal distention among neonates.Methods A longitudinal cohort study was done in 1993 at a ruralcommunity of West Lombok District on Lombok Island, West NusaTenggara Province, Indonesia. There were 3420 neonates whowere followed up by interviewing their mothers until 28 days afterdelivery. The main outcome measure was the occurrence of SIO.Results Compared to infants who were not given solid food, therelative risk (RR) of SIO for infants given food other than bananaas early solid food feeding was 1.87 (95%CI 0.48;8.24), while forinfants given banana only as early solid food feeding, the RR was9.15 (95%CI 1.96;42.58). After the adjustments of birth weight, co-lostrum, and breast feeding, the odds ratio of SIO for infants givenbanana was 2.99 (95%CI 2.65;5.14).Conclusion Banana as early solid food for neonates feeding isan important risk factor for the occurrence of SIO

scholarly journals PCSK9 in African Americans and Caucasians in Relation to Lp(a) Level, Apo(a) Size and Heritability

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Byambaa Enkhmaa ◽  
Kyoungmi Kim ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Nishant Prakash ◽  
Kevin Truax ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Apolipoprotein A ◽  
Significant Heritability ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Context Inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) reduces lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels, but the association of PCSK9 with Lp(a) level and its major determinant, apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] size, is not fully understood. Objective To assess the relationship between PCSK9, Lp(a) level, apo(a) size, age, and ethnicity/race. Design Cross-sectional Setting General population Participants Healthy African Americans and Caucasians (n = 267); age range: 6 to 74 years. Interventions None. Main outcome measure(s) PCSK9 levels, apo(a) isoform and LPA allele sizes, and isoform-specific Lp(a) levels. Results Plasma PCSK9 levels were significantly higher in African Americans vs Caucasians, in females vs males, and in adults vs children. PCSK9 levels were not associated with total plasma Lp(a) levels either in all participants or in ethnicity-specific analyses. However, PCSK9 levels were significantly positively associated with isoform-specific Lp(a) levels carried by the larger apo(a) size in all participants (r = 0.139, P = 0.0361). In ethnicity/race analyses, a significant association was seen for African Americans (r = 0.268, P = 0.0199), but not for Caucasians. In contrast, there were no significant associations of PCSK9 with isoform-specific Lp(a) levels for the smaller apo(a) sizes in all participants nor in ethnic-specific analyses. Furthermore, heritability (h2) analyses revealed a significant heritability for PCSK9 level in both ethnic groups, with a higher estimate in Caucasians than in African Americans (47% vs 22%, respectively). Conclusions Among African Americans, but not Caucasians, PCSK9 levels were associated with isoform-specific Lp(a) levels carried on larger, but not smaller, apo(a) sizes. The findings illustrate a diverging relationship of PCSK9 with isoform-specific Lp(a) levels across ethnicity.

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