scholarly journals The Reliability of an Upper- and Lower-Extremity Visuomotor Reaction Time Task

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Caitlin Brinkman ◽  
Shelby E. Baez ◽  
Carolina Quintana ◽  
Morgan L. Andrews ◽  
Nick R. Heebner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Random Sequence ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Minimal Detectable Change ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Left Limb

Context: Fast visuomotor reaction time (VMRT), the time required to recognize and respond to sequentially appearing visual stimuli, allows an athlete to successfully respond to stimuli during sports participation, while slower VMRT has been associated with increased injury risk. Light-based systems are capable of measuring both upper- and lower-extremity VMRT; however, the reliability of these assessments are not known. Objective: To determine the reliability of an upper- and lower-extremity VMRT task using a light-based trainer system. Design: Reliability study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients (or Other Participants): Twenty participants with no history of injury in the last 12 months. Methods: Participants reported to the laboratory on 2 separate testing sessions separated by 1 week. For both tasks, participants were instructed to extinguish a random sequence of illuminated light-emitting diode disks, which appeared one at a time as quickly as possible. Participants were provided a series of practice trials before completing the test trials. VMRT was calculated as the time in seconds between target hits, where higher VMRT represented slower reaction time. Main Outcome Measures: Separate intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to determine test–retest reliability for each task. The SEM and minimal detectable change values were determined to examine clinical applicability. Results: The right limb lower-extremity reliability was excellent (ICC2,1 = .92; 95% CI, .81–.97). Both the left limb (ICC2,1 = .80; 95% CI, .56–.92) and upper-extremity task (ICC2,1 = .86; 95% CI, .65–.95) had good reliability. Conclusions: Both VMRT tasks had clinically acceptable reliability in a healthy, active population. Future research should explore further applications of these tests as an outcome measure following rehabilitation for health conditions with known VMRT deficits.

Reliability of 5 Novel Reaction Time and Cognitive Load Protocols

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Picha ◽  
Carolina Quintana ◽  
Amanda Glueck ◽  
Matt Hoch ◽  
Nicholas R. Heebner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Minimal Detectable Change ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Medicine Research

Context: Reaction time (RT) is crucial to athletic performance. Therefore, when returning athletes to play following injury, it is important to evaluate RT characteristics ensuring a safe return. The Dynavision D2® system may be utilized as an assessment and rehabilitation aid in the determination of RT under various levels of cognitive load. Previous research has demonstrated good reliability of simple protocols when assessed following a 24- to 48-hour test–retest window. Expanding reliable test–retest intervals may further refine novel RT protocols for use as a diagnostic and rehabilitation tool. Objective: To investigate the test–retest reliability of a battery of 5 novel RT protocols at different time intervals. Design: Repeated measures/reliability. Setting: Interdisciplinary sports medicine research laboratory. Participants: Thirty healthy individuals. Methods: Participants completed a battery of protocols increasing in difficulty in terms of reaction speed requirement and cognitive load. Prior to testing, participants were provided 3 familiarization trials. All protocols required participants to hit as many lights as quickly as possible in 60 seconds. After completing the initial testing session (session 1), participants waited 1 hour before completing the second session (session 2). Approximately 2 weeks later (average 14 [4] d), the participants completed the same battery of tasks for the third session (session 3). Main Outcome Measures: The intraclass correlation coefficient, standard error of measurement, minimal detectable change, and repeated-measures analysis of variance were calculated for RT. Results: The intraclass correlation coefficient values for each of the 5 protocols illustrated good to excellent reliability between sessions 1, 2, and 3 (.75–.90). There were no significant differences across time points (F < 0.105, P > .05). Conclusions: The 1-hour and 14-day test–retest intervals are reliable for clinical assessment, expanding the time frames previously reported in the literature of when assessments can be completed reliably. This study provides novel protocols that challenge cognition in unique ways.

scholarly journals Psychometric Properties of the MyotonPRO in Dementia Patients with Paratonia

Gerontology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Drenth ◽  
Sytse U. Zuidema ◽  
Wim P. Krijnen ◽  
Ivan Bautmans ◽  
Cees van der Schans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Functional Mobility ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Minimal Detectable Change ◽  
Muscle Properties ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
Longitudinal Outcome

Background: Paratonia is a distinctive form of hypertonia, causing loss of functional mobility in early stages of dementia to severe high muscle tone and pain in the late stages. For assessing and evaluating therapeutic interventions, objective instruments are required. Objective: Determine the psychometric properties of the MyotonPRO, a portable device that objectively measures muscle properties, in dementia patients with paratonia. Methods: Muscle properties were assessed with the MyotonPRO by 2 assessors within one session and repeated by the main researcher after 30 min and again after 6 months. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed for all MyotonPRO outcomes to discriminate between participants with (n = 70) and without paratonia (n = 82). In the participants with paratonia, correlation coefficients were established between the MyotonPRO outcomes and the Modified Ashworth Scale for paratonia (MAS-P) and muscle palpation. In participants with paratonia, reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient) and agreement values (standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change) were established. Longitudinal outcome from participants with paratonia throughout the study (n = 48) was used to establish the sensitivity for change (correlation coefficient) and responsiveness (minimal clinical important difference). Results: Included were 152 participants with dementia (mean [standard deviation] age of 83.5 [98.2]). The area under the curve ranged from 0.60 to 0.67 indicating the MyotonPRO is able to differentiate between participants with and without paratonia. The MyotonPRO explained 10-18% of the MAS-P score and 8-14% of the palpation score. Interclass correlation coefficients for interrater reliability ranged from 0.57 to 0.75 and from 0.54 to 0.71 for intrarater. The best agreement values were found for tone, elasticity, and stiffness. The change between baseline and 6 months in the MyotonPRO outcomes explained 8-13% of the change in the MAS-P scores. The minimal clinically important difference values were all smaller than the measurement error. Conclusion: The MyotonPRO is potentially applicable for cross-sectional studies between groups of paratonia patients and appears less suitable to measure intraindividual changes in paratonia. Because of the inherent variability in movement resistance in paratonia, the outcomes from the MyotonPRO should be interpreted with care; therefore, future research should focus on additional guidelines to increase the clinical interpretation and improving reproducibility.

scholarly journals Preliminary Concussion and Lower Extremity Injury Risk Among R.O.T.C. Cadets

Neurology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (14 Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. S4.1-S4
Author(s):  
Katie Hunzinger ◽  
Katelyn Costantini ◽  
Kelsey Bryk ◽  
Thomas Buckley ◽  
C. Buz Swanik
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Lower Extremity Injury ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Rotc Cadets ◽  
Army Rotc ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Concussive Injury

ObjectiveTo examine the association between concussions and lower extremity musculoskeletal injury (LE-MSI) rates in Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) cadets.BackgroundConcussions have been associated with an increased risk for LE-MSI among high school, collegiate, and professional athletes as well as U.S. Army Soldiers. However, there is a paucity evidence on this relationship among U.S. Army ROTC cadets, future U.S. Army Officers, and a group similar to student-athletes in regards to physical activity levels.Design/MethodsA modified reliable injury questionnaire (ICC = 0.92) was used to identify the total number of reported concussions, intentionally unreported concussions, and potentially unrecognized concussions (e.g., memory loss not diagnosed as a concussion) as well as LE-MSI (e.g., muscle strains, ACL rupture) a cadet had suffered. A chi-square analysis was performed to identify the association between concussion and LE-MSI and any concussive injury and LE-MSI.Results47 cadets (19.9 ± 1.3 years) were recruited from one Army ROTC program. There was not a significant association between reported concussions and LE-MSI (Χ(1) = 3.122, p = 0.077). There was not a significant association between any concussive injury (reported, unreported, or potentially unrecognized) and LE-MSI (Χ(1) = 3.590, p = 0.058). The reported concussion history was 38.3% (18/47), any concussive history was 46.8% (22/47), and 68.1% (32/47) reported history of LE-MSI.ConclusionsPreliminary results showed that there was no statistically significant association between concussion and LE-MSI among ROTC cadets at this university. Future research is warranted on a larger cohort of cadets to determine if this relationship exists since cadets will soon commission, potentially risking injury while serving on active duty, causing limited duty days, reduced Department of Defense readiness, and increased healthcare costs. Cadets showed a high incidence of concussion and LE-MSK injury, and future research should target reducing these injuries among ROTC cadets prior to commissioning.

Reliability and Validity of a Novel Approach to Measure Hip Rotation

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett Aefsky ◽  
Niles Fleet ◽  
Heather Myers ◽  
Robert J. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Interrater Reliability ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Kinetic Chain ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Hip Rotation

Context:Currently, hip-rotation range of motion (ROM) is clinically measured in an open kinetic chain in either seated or prone position using passive or active ROM. However, during activities of daily living and during sports participation the hip must be able to rotate in a loaded position, and there is no standard measurement for this.Objective:To determine if a novel method for measuring hip rotation in weight bearing will result in good to very good reliability as demonstrated by an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of >.80 and to investigate if weight-bearing hip measurements will result in significantly reduced hip ROM compared with non-weight-bearing methods.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:Outpatient sports physical therapy clinic.Participants:20 healthy participants (10 men, 10 women) recruited for hip-rotation measurements.Methods:Three trials of both internal and external rotation were measured in sitting, prone, and weight bearing. Two therapists independently measured each participant on the same day. The participants returned the following day to repeat the same measurements with the same 2 therapists.Main Outcome Measures:Degrees of hip internal and external rotation measured in prone, sitting, and loaded positions.Results:In general, the measurement of hip ROM across the different conditions was reliable. The intrarater reliability was .67–.95, while interrater reliability was .59–.96. Interrater reliability was improved when values were averaged across the measures (.75–.97). ICCs for active loaded ROM were .67–.81, while interrater ICCs were .53–.87. In general, prone hip ROM was greater than supine and supine was greater than loaded.Conclusions:Loaded hip rotation can be measured in a clinical setting with moderate to good reliability. The rotation ROM of a loaded hip can be significantly decreased compared with unloaded motion.

scholarly journals Does the Concussion Clinican Examination Predict Post-Concussion Subsequent Musculoskeletal Injury?

Neurology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (14 Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. S27.3-S28
Author(s):  
Thomas Buckley ◽  
Jessie Oldham ◽  
Nancy Getchell ◽  
Buz Swanik ◽  
Rob Lynall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Musculoskeletal Injury ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Motor Speed ◽  
Change Scores

ObjectiveTo identify post-concussion subsequent lower extermity musculoskeletal injury predictors from a clinical concussion assessment.BackgroundEmerging evidence has identified an elevated risk of subsequent lower extremity musculoskeletal injury (LE-MSK) in the year post-concussion. This approximately 2-fold elevated risk has been identified in diverse populations including high school, college, professional sports and military populations. While persistent impairments in postural control are a speculated mechanism, these assessments require instrumented biomechanical measures; thus, there are currently no clinically feasible predictors which have been identified.Design/MethodsEighty three NCAA Division I student-athletes (51.8% female, ht: 1.75 +/− 0.12 m, wt: 76.2 +/− 20.1 kg) who had suffered a sports related concussion (LOC: 7.5%, PTA: 12.2%) with baseline data were assessed within 72 hours post-concussion were included in this retrospectic study. The clinical examination consisted of the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), Standard Assessment of Concussion (SAC), Clinical Reaction Time (CRT), King-Devick (KD) and the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitve Test (ImPACT) composite values. Change scores (Δ) from baseline to acute post-concussion served as predictors to identify subsequent LE-MSK with a step wise binary logistic regression.ResultsThe subsequent LE-MSK rate was 72.3% (60/83). The overall model failed to identify a predictive relationship between change scores and subsequent injury risk (r2 = 0.242, p = 0.458). Exploratory testing failed to identify any significant individual predictors of subsequent LE-MSK: BESS: Δ = −0.35 errs, p = 0.964; SAC: Δ = −0.55, p = 0.239; ImPACT Verbal Memory: Δ = −0.53, p = 0.324; ImPACT Visual Memory: Δ = −5.6, p = 0.750; ImPACT Motor Speed: Δ = −2.81, p = 0.070; ImPACT Reaction Time: Δ = 0.042 sec, p = 0.164; CRT: Δ = 12.2 ms, p = 0.564; and KD: Δ = 2.8 sec, p = 0.607.ConclusionsNone of the common clinical concussion assessments were a significant predictor of subsequent LE-MSK potentially due to a high injury rate (72.3%). Future research should continue attempts to idenify clinically feasible predictors to allow clinicians to identify at-risk athletes to engage injury prevention strategies to reduce subsequent LE-MSK.

scholarly journals Association Between Markerless Motion Capture Screenings and Musculoskeletal Injury Risk for Military Trainees: A Large Cohort and Reliability Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 232596712110416
Author(s):  
Ben R. Hando ◽  
W. Casan Scott ◽  
Jacob F. Bryant ◽  
Juste N. Tchandja ◽  
Ryan M. Scott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Motion Capture ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Musculoskeletal Injury ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Markerless Motion Capture ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Background: Markerless motion capture (MMC) systems used to screen for musculoskeletal injury (MSKI) risk have become popular in military and collegiate athletic settings. However, little is known regarding the test-retest reliability or, more importantly, the ability of these systems to accurately identify individuals at risk for MSKI. Purpose: To determine the association between scores from a proprietary MMC movement screen test and the likelihood of suffering a subsequent MSKI and establish the test-retest reliability of the MMC system used. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Trainees for the Air Force Special Warfare program underwent MMC screenings immediately before entering the 8-week training course. MSKI data were extracted from a database for the surveillance period for each trainee. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify associations between baseline MMC scores and the likelihood of suffering any MSKI or, specifically, a lower extremity MSKI. The test-retest portion of the study collected MMC scores from 10 separate participants performing 4 trials of the standard test procedures. Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients by a single rater. Results: Overall, 1570 trainees, of whom 800 (51%) suffered an MSKI, were included in the analysis. MMC scores poorly predicted the likelihood of any or a lower extremity MSKI (odds ratio, 1.01-1.02). Further, receiver operating characteristic curve analyses demonstrated poor sensitivity and specificity for prediction of MSKI with MMC scores (area under the curve = 0.53). Finally, intraclass correlation coefficients from the test-retest analysis of MMC scores ranged from 0.157 to 0.602. Conclusion: This MMC system displayed poor to moderate test-retest reliability and did not demonstrate the ability to discriminate between individuals who were and were not likely to suffer an MSKI.

scholarly journals Peripheral Vision Tests in Sports: Training Effects and Reliability of Peripheral Perception Test

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (24) ◽  
pp. 5001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Schumacher ◽  
Mike Schmidt ◽  
Rüdiger Reer ◽  
Klaus-Michael Braumann
Keyword(s):  
Visual Angle ◽  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Test System ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Training Effects ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Field Of Vision ◽  
Computer Based

Various studies suggest the importance of peripheral vision (PV) in sports. Computer-based test systems provide objective methods to measure PV. Nevertheless, the reliability and training effects are not clarified in detail. The purpose of this investigation was to present a short narrative non-systematic review on computer-based PV tests and to determine the reliability and the training effects of peripheral perception sub-test (PP) of the Vienna test system (VTS) in a test–retest design. N = 21 male athletes aged between 20 and 30 years (M = 26.15; SD = 3.1) were included. The main outcome parameters were peripheral reaction (PR), PR left (PRL), PR right (PRR), field of vision (FOV), visual angle left (VAL), and visual angle right (VAR). Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland–Altman plots. Training effects were determined by students t-test. Good reliability was observed in PR, PRL, and PRR. Moderate reliability was found in FOV, VAL, and VAR. Significant improvements between T0 and T1 were found in PRL with a mean difference of 0.04 s (95% CI [0.00–0.07]) and in PR with a mean difference of 0.02 s (95% CI [0.00–0.05]). For PRR, FOV, VAL, VAR, no significant differences were detected. These results indicate that PP can be applied to asses PV abilities in sports. Future research is needed to clarify the influence of test repetitions on visuomotor learning in PP. Moreover, PV tests should be cross-validated with sport-specific measurements (e.g., on-field and/or ‘virtual reality’ approaches).

Remote evaluation of upper extremity motor function following stroke: The Arm Capacity and Movement Test (ArmCAM) (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chieh-Ling Yang ◽  
Lisa A. Simposon ◽  
Janice Eng
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Minimal Detectable Change ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Movement Test

BACKGROUND Developing a simple measure that can be administered remotely via videoconferencing is needed for telerehabilitation for rural and remote population, or during the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE To develop a valid and reliable measure [the Arm Capacity and Movement Test (ArmCAM)] administered remotely via videoconferencing to evaluate upper extremity motor function after stroke. METHODS A sample of individuals with stroke (N=31) was used to assess the reliability and validity of the ArmCAM (range: 0-30). Test-retest and inter-rater reliability were assessed through the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change (MDC). Validity was examined by the Pearson and Spearman rank correlation coefficients. RESULTS The ArmCAM consists of 10 items and takes 15 minutes to administer without any special equipment except for a computer and internet access. The ICC for test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability were 0.997 and 0.993, respectively. The SEM and MDC95 were 0.74 and 2.05 points, respectively. With respect to validity, correlations between the ArmCAM and the Rating of Everyday Arm-use in the Community and Home Scale, Stroke Impact Scale-Hand, Fugl-Meyer Assessment for upper extremity, and Action Research Arm Test were good to excellent (correlation coefficients: 0.811-0.944). CONCLUSIONS he ArmCAM has good reliability and validity. It is an easy-to-use assessment that is designed to be administered remotely via video conferencing. CLINICALTRIAL NA (This is not a clinical trial)

scholarly journals Reliability of Thoracic Spine Rotation Range-of-Motion Measurements in Healthy Adults

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine D. Johnson ◽  
Kyung-Min Kim ◽  
Byung-Kyu Yu ◽  
Susan A. Saliba ◽  
Terry L. Grindstaff
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Thoracic Spine ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Minimal Detectable Change ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Reliability Estimates ◽  
Standard Error Of Measurement

Context:The reliability of clinical techniques to quantify thoracic spine rotation range of motion (ROM) has not been evaluated.Objective:To determine the intratester and intertester reliability of 5 thoracic rotation measurement techniques.Design:Descriptive laboratory study.Setting:University research laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:Forty-six healthy volunteers (age = 23.6±4.3 years, height = 171.0±9.6 cm, mass = 71.4 ±16.7 kg).Main Outcome Measure(s):We tested 5 thoracic rotation ROM techniques over 2 days: seated rotation (bar in back and front), half-kneeling rotation (bar in back and front), and lumbar-locked rotation. On day 1, 2 examiners obtained 2 sets of measurements (sessions 1, 2) to determine the within-session intertester reliability and within-day intratester reliability. A single examiner obtained measurements on day 2 (session 3) to determine the intratester reliability between days. Each technique was performed 3 times per side, and averages were used for data analysis. Reliability was determined using intraclass correlation coefficients, standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimal detectable change (MDC). Differences between raters during session 1 were determined using paired t tests.Results:Within-session intertester reliability estimates ranged from 0.85 to 0.94. Ranges for the SEM were 1.0° to 2.3° and for the MDC were 2.8° to 6.3°. No differences were seen between examiners during session 1 for seated rotation (bar in front, both sides), half-kneeling rotation (bar in front, left side), or the lumbar locked position (both sides) (all values of P &gt; .05). Within-day intratester reliability estimates ranged from 0.86 to 0.95. Ranges for the SEM were 0.8° to 2.1° and for the MDC were 2.1 ° to 5. 9°. Between-days intratester reliability estimates ranged from 0.84 to 0.91. Ranges for the SEM were 1.4° to 2.0° and for the MDC were 3.9° to 5.6°.Conclusions:All techniques had good reliability and low levels of measurement error. The seated rotation, bar in front, and lumbar-locked rotation tests may be used reliably when more than 1 examiner is obtaining measurements.

Reliability of Three Single-Leg Hop Tests

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie D. Booher ◽  
Karla M. Hench ◽  
Teddy W. Worrell ◽  
Jill Stikeleather
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Kinetic Chain ◽  
Strength Assessment ◽  
Hop Tests ◽  
Lower Extremity Strength ◽  
Lower Extremity Performance ◽  
Closed Kinetic Chain

Traditionally, lower extremity strength assessment has been performed in an open kinetic chain. Several authors, however, recommend closed kinetic chain assessment of lower extremity performance. Reliability of closed kinetic chain tests is not available. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of the following single-leg hop tests: hop for distance, 6-m hop for time, and 30-m agility hop. Eighteen subjects (4 males and 14 females) participated in this study. An ANOVA repeated measures analysis revealed significant differences between the test trials within and between sessions for all dependent variables. However, when the mean of two test trials was analyzed, the three single-leg hop tests values were stable, that is, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC 2,1) ranged from 0.77 to 0.99. Results demonstrate that these three single-leg hop tests were reliable as used in this study. Future research is needed to determine the sensitivity of these tests in the assessment of lower extremity performance following injury and following rehabilitation procedures.

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