Movement Kinematics as an Index of the Level of Motor Skill: The Case of Indian Craftsmen Stone Knapping

Motor Control ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena V. Biryukova ◽  
Blandine Bril ◽  
Alexander A. Frolov ◽  
Mikhail A. Koulikov
Keyword(s):  
Tool Use ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Movement Variability ◽  
Movement Kinematics ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Stone Knapping

What are the differences between the movements of an expert exhibiting superior performance compared with those of a novice or even an experienced person? Adopting a functional approach to tool use, this study presents results from experimental field research on stone knapping from Indian craftsmen of different levels of skill. The results showed that the differences in the levels of motor skill appeared in movement variability rather than in particular kinematic content. The higher is the level of motor skill, the more kinematic solutions are used, the more stable are the functional and the more variable the nonfunctional joint loadings. This study strongly suggests that to really understand learning processes and motor expertise, naturalistic challenging activities that require years of practice need to be elicited.

Pantomime versus actual tool use: alterations of movement kinematics with the mode of execution and with brain damage

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Johannsen ◽  
Y Li ◽  
J Randerath ◽  
G Goldenberg ◽  
J Hermsdörfer
Keyword(s):  
Brain Damage ◽  
Tool Use ◽  
Movement Kinematics

Effects of Motor Skill Level and Speed on Movement Variability during Running

2021 ◽  
pp. 110680
Author(s):  
Wei Wang ◽  
Feng Qu ◽  
Shangxiao Li ◽  
Liduan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skill ◽  
Skill Level ◽  
Movement Variability

scholarly journals The Brazilian Wine Industry: a case study on geographical proximity and innovation dynamics

2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Vinicius Silva Farias ◽  
Ana Lúcia Tatsch
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
Local System ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Geographical Proximity ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Innovative Strategies ◽  
Innovation Dynamics ◽  
International Trading ◽  
Vertical Cooperation

This paper aims to analyze the cooperation and learning processes in the local system of vitiviniculture production of Serra Gaúcha's region (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), in order to characterize the dynamics of innovation of the firms located there. In methodological terms, a non-probabilistic exploratory study has been conducted. Field research in 20 wineries as well as interviews with related organizations were carried out in order to understand which learning mechanisms support innovative strategies adopted by enterprises. Since learning processes are also the result of local interactions, it was necessary to understand whether these interactions produced cooperative links. The results showed that innovations made by the firms were basically incremental. To do so, they use their intrinsic learning processes as well as external agents. These agents can be located in the region or elsewhere. The geographical proximity becomes more relevant for smaller firms. It was still possible to perceive the existence of cooperation in both vertical and horizontal level. Most frequent actions of vertical cooperation occur especially between firms and their suppliers. When horizontal cooperation occurs between enterprises, it takes place particularly in international trading.

scholarly journals RITUAL MAGI DALAM BUDAYA MASYARAKAT MUSLIM BANTEN

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-52
Author(s):  
Humaeni Ayatullah
Keyword(s):  
Life Style ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Research Participant ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
Important Condition ◽  
Anthropological Perspective ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Depth Interview

This article discusses various magical rituals and their meaningsfor Muslim society of Banten. How the meanings and functions of rituals; what kinds of magical rituals used and practiced by Muslim society of Banten become two main focuses of this article; besides, it also tries to analyze how Muslim society of Banten understand the various magical rituals. This article is the result of a field research using ethnographical method based on anthropological perspective. To analyze the data, the researcher uses structural-functional approach. Library research, participant-observation, and depth-interview are the methods used to collectthe data. Performing various magical rituals for the practicians of magic in Banten is a very important action that must be conducted by the magicians or someone who learns magical sciences. Magical ritual becomes an important condition for the successfulness of magic. If they do not this, there is a belief that they will fail in obtaining the magical effects. Magical ritual should be also conducted in certain places and certain time withvarious magical formula and magical actions under the supervision of magicians. The use of these magical rituals becomes a portrait of the pragmatical life style of Bantenese society who still believes in magical powers.

scholarly journals Experimental studies illuminate the cultural transmission of percussive technologies in Homo and Pan

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1682) ◽  
pp. 20140359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Whiten
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Tool Use ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Cognitive Context ◽  
The Social ◽  
Special Power ◽  
Social Learning Processes

The complexity of Stone Age tool-making is assumed to have relied upon cultural transmission, but direct evidence is lacking. This paper reviews evidence bearing on this question provided through five related empirical perspectives. Controlled experimental studies offer special power in identifying and dissecting social learning into its diverse component forms, such as imitation and emulation. The first approach focuses on experimental studies that have discriminated social learning processes in nut-cracking by chimpanzees. Second come experiments that have identified and dissected the processes of cultural transmission involved in a variety of other force-based forms of chimpanzee tool use. A third perspective is provided by field studies that have revealed a range of forms of forceful, targeted tool use by chimpanzees, that set percussion in its broader cognitive context. Fourth are experimental studies of the development of flint knapping to make functional sharp flakes by bonobos, implicating and defining the social learning and innovation involved. Finally, new and substantial experiments compare what different social learning processes, from observational learning to teaching, afford good quality human flake and biface manufacture. Together these complementary approaches begin to delineate the social learning processes necessary to percussive technologies within the Pan – Homo clade.

The Link Between Learning Capability and Business Performance in MNEs

2010 ◽  
pp. 160-176
Author(s):  
Isabel M. Prieto ◽  
Elena Revilla
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Knowledge Bases ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Learning Capability ◽  
Knowledge Resources ◽  
Dimensions Of Learning

It is widely recognized that the development of learning capability is key to achieve a durable competitive advantage. This is especially true in the context of MNEs. When MNEs operate in disparate host countries, they enhance their knowledge bases, capabilities, and competitiveness through learning processes. The analysis of the relevance of learning capability to improve business performance and, thus, the organizational competence has been an important issue developed in literature. This chapter explains the link between learning capability and the improvement of business performance by comparing how the main dimensions of learning capability –knowledge resources and learning processesimpacts on performance, in terms of both non-financial and financial performance. It is argued that those MNEs with the highest levels in both their knowledge resources and learning processes obtain a superior performance.

Intralinguistic analysis of medical research papers and abstracts

Terminology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Méndez-Cendón ◽  
Belén López Arroyo
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Discursive Strategies ◽  
Technical Writers ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Different Levels

Studies related to ESP genres have been carried out lately focusing on different levels of analysis, such as internal ordering, lexico-grammatical patterns or terminology. However, there are not many studies combining different levels of analysis so as to observe how information is rendered in scientific genres. The present study intends to offer a description of rhetorical and phraseological patterns observed in medical research papers and abstracts using a semantic and functional approach. Our methodology is descriptively performed on a comparable corpus composed of research papers and abstracts in the field of diagnostic imaging and published in esteemed journals. We will determine composition strategies by means of the description of the authors’ favourite structures found in our corpus. Once these favourite structures have been obtained for every genre, we will proceed with semantic analysis so as to establish their similarities and differences. Our results will, primarily, help translators, technical writers and ESP students to infer discursive strategies in these genres, as well as to better understand some of the discourse aspects of rendering scientific information in general.

Observing and Interpreting Teaching-Learning Processes: Novice PETE Students, Experienced PETE Students, and Expert Teacher Educators

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy C. Graham ◽  
Karen E. French ◽  
Amelia M. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Effective Teachers ◽  
Teacher Educators ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Expert Teacher ◽  
Third Grade Students ◽  
Skill Performance ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Junior Students

The ability to observe and interpret events during instruction is thought to be an important dimension of effective teachers. The purpose of this study was to compare the ability to observe and interpret teaching physical education at different stages of expertise. Ten freshman preservice students, 7 experienced junior students, and 2 teacher educators served as subjects. Each subject viewed a 15-minute videotaped lesson on basketball dribbling taught to approximately 20 third-grade students. Subjects were instructed to observe the lesson, take notes, and write a description or evaluation of what they observed during the lesson. Experienced students wrote substantially more evaluative interpretations than novice preservice students. The interpretations of the experienced preservice students were similar to the teacher educators in the focus of observation and the use of a technical language. However, teacher educators’ interpretations were more organized and were focused more on lesson occurrences that influenced students’ motor-skill performance.

scholarly journals Neurobehavioral Differences across Strategies Used in Cardiac Recognition

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilla Hodossy ◽  
Manos Tsakiris
Keyword(s):  
Active Control ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
The State ◽  
Conscious Perception ◽  
Cortical Processing ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
Passive Strategies ◽  
Different Levels

The maintenance of psycho-physiological stability requires the ability to infer the state of our body (interoception) and to predict its future evolution. Yet standard measures of interoception do not have this functional approach as they are typically limited to the conscious perception of single heartbeats. We here present a new biofeedback paradigm to explore the effect of three strategies (i.e. exteroceptive, active or passive interoceptive) on interoceptive inference – defined here as the ability to recognize one’s own heart. We observed an increase of cardiac recognition and a more pronounced cortical processing of heartbeats across both interoceptive strategies as compared to the exteroceptive one. We also observed the highest level of metacognition at the active, control-based interoceptive strategy. Strategy-specific cardiac recognition was linked to the modulation of cortical processing of heartbeats, exclusively in the passive interoceptive condition. We suggest that while both active and passive strategies increase the precision of the interoceptive channel, they exert distinct influences on different levels of the interoceptive hierarchy.

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