Beihilfenkontrolle zwischen Supranationalität und Intergouvernementalität

The Brexit experience sheds new light on the question of whether credible state aid regulation must by its nature be supranational. Following a review of the disciplines of EU state aid law and WTO subsidy law, which shape international subsidy law, it is explained why the introduction of bi- and plurilateral control regimes beyond the WTO is necessary from the EU's point of view and which hurdles these efforts must overcome. Finally, on the basis of an overall analysis of EU (free trade) agreements, a concentric circle model of state aid law is developed, which reveals the link between type of agreement, market integration, geographical proximity and the impact of EU law on the state aid rules agreed with the treaty partners.

Bilingualism in Early Childhood

Bilingualism that arises from different reasons (such as wars, migrations, geographical proximity, and trade, tourism, marriages, living to better standards, work and education) affects children, so children have to grow up in environments where more than one language is spoken. There are various arguments about whether being a bilingual for a child is advantageous or disadvantageous. The studies carried out in this field have shown that the disadvantage can be converted into advantageous situations on condition that the process about the acquisition or learning of the second language has been managed well. From this point of view, the importance of concepts such as language development in early childhood period, views on language development, bilingualism, language acquisition and teaching in early years will be explained in detail in the bilingualism in the early childhood section.

KLASIFIKASI LEKSIKOSTATISTIK BAHASA BANGGOI DAN BAHASA HOTI DI KABUPATEN SERAM BAGIAN TIMUR [Lexicostatistic Classification Of Banggai And Hoti Language In East Seram District]

This study is a lexicostatistical study that aims to classify words that are related statistically to classify similarities. This research is focused on Banggoi and Hoti languages spoken by the people in West Bula District, East Seram Regency, Maluku Province. The aim is to determine the kinship classification of Banggoi and Hoti languages and determine the time of separation between the two languages. The method used is quantitative and qualitative methods with data collection techniques using direct observation, listening, note-taking, and recording methods. The results showed that Banggoi language and Hoti language have kinship with percentage of 31.5%. Based on this percentage, the two languages are at the stok/family kinship level. The existence of this kinship is influenced by geographical proximity, while the time of separation of the two languages is estimated at 1,170 years ago. Kajian ini merupakan kajian leksikostatistik yang bertujuan mengelompokkan kata-kata yang berkerabat dengan mengelompokkan persamaan secara statistik. Peneltian ini difokuskan pada bahasa Banggoi dan bahasa Hoti yang ditutukan oleh masyarakat yang ada di Kecamatan Bula Barat, Kabupaten Seram Bagian Timur, Provinsi Maluku. Tujuan kajian adalah untuk mengetahui klasifikasi kekerabatan bahasa Banggoi dan bahasa Hoti dan menentukan waktu pisah dari kedua bahasa tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif dengan teknik pengambilan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik observasi langsung, simak, catat, dan perekaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa antara bahasa Banggoi dan bahasa Hoti memilki kekerabatan dengan persentase 31,5%. Berdasarkan persentase tersebut maka kedua bahasa tersebut berada pada tingkat kekerabatan stok/rumpun. Adanya kekerabatan bahasa Banggoi dan bahasa Hoti karena dipengaruhi oleh letak geografi yang berdekatan dan waktu pisah kedua bahasa tersebut diperkirakan pada 1.170 tahun yang lalu.

The Impact of Venture Capital Background on CEO Replacement in Portfolio Companies: Empirical Evidence from China

Taking Chinese startups backed by venture capital (VC) in 1997–2017 as the sample, this study investigates the impact of VC background on chief executive officer (CEO) replacement in portfolio companies. The results show that (1) compared to foreign VC, domestic VC is more likely to replace the CEO of the portfolio companies. (2) Syndicate with domestic VC can overcome the disadvantage of foreign VC geographically distant from the portfolio companies, and domestic VC as coinvestors can effectively monitor portfolio companies, increasing the possibility of CEO replacement. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the positive effect of VC background on CEO replacement exists in the subgroup of VC geographically proximate to the portfolio companies, indicating that geographic proximity to the portfolio companies helps VC more easily grasp the development of the portfolio companies and more likely to replace CEO. This paper reveals the differences in the behavior of VC in replacing CEO during the postinvestment management process, highlights the critical role of geographical proximity, and provides important management insights for VC and entrepreneurs.

The Position of Leivu

Leivu has generally been connected with Võro and especially its Hargla dialect. However, this classification has always been based on superficial synchronic similarities rather than a rigorous diachronic analysis. Instead, closer examination shows that Leivu is the earliest offshoot of South Estonian and that its similarities with Hargla Võro can better be explained by their geographical proximity. Kokkuvõte. Petri Kallio: Leivu asend. Leivut on üldiselt ühendatud võro keelega ja eriti Hargla murrakuga. Paraku need klassifikatsioonid on alati tuginenud pindsete sünkroonsete sarnasuste arvestamisele, mitte rangele diakroonilisele analüüsile. Siinne lähem vaatlus näitab, et leivu on esimesena lahknenud lõunaeesti keeleühtsusest ning selle sarnasusi Hargla võro keelega saab seletada pigem geograafilise lähedusega.

The Role of Proximity in Developing an Inter-Regional Innovation System

While most innovation collaboration projects consist of partners who are located at close proximity, recent literature has explored the development of innovation collaboration in the context of non-spatial proximity. Using a longitudinal mixed methods design, this article explores the inter-regional collaboration of triple helix partners from four non-contiguous European regions (Bucharest-Ilfov, Romania; Central Hungary, Hungary; Castilla-La Mancha, Spain; and South East, Ireland) which worked together to develop an inter-regional innovation system. The results from the study identified three non-spatial forms of proximity (social, cognitive and organisational) that were key determinants for developing the successful inter- regional innovation collaboration studied in this research. Based on the findings derived from this research, an inter-regional innovation system framework was developed to facilitate collaboration between stakeholders based in non-contiguous regions without them having to depend on geographical proximity. The major contributions of this research to theory and practice are the development of a novel framework for inter-regional innovation systems (iRIS) which can be applied by stakeholders in regions that want to collaborate from a distance. Furthermore, the research suggests that the substitution mechanism of geographical proximity consists of not just one non-spatial form, but it consists of the three non-spatial forms identified in this research.

Physical proximity and innovation collaboration of the Polish small and medium knowledge-intensive enterprisese

Globalisation, with its rising global value chains and the complexity of innovationprocesses change the role of spatial distance in innovation activities. In the classicalcluster theories geographical proximity is seen as a necessary condition to share knowledgeand to enhance innovation collaboration. The recent literature, however, challenge this approachby claiming that the role played by spatial distance diminishes. The aim of this paperis to provide better understanding of the role physical and geographical proximities inthe innovation collaboration process. The paper presents the up-to date results on the roleof physical proximity in innovation collaboration process of the Polish knowledge intensiveSMEs. The study findings support the idea that physical proximity matters for the innovationinteractions, yet the geographical proximity is not a prerequisite for such collaboration.Moreover, the innovative interlinkages of the surveyed companies have more individualcharacter, and are equally determined by the companies technological profiles andsocial-individual connections.

University satellite institutes as exogenous facilitators of technology transfer ecosystem development

Universities can contribute to knowledge-based regional development not only in their home region but also in other regions. In a number of countries, universities have established university satellite institutes in additional (host) regions to promote research and technology transfer there. We investigate the role of university satellite institutes in the industrial development of regions, which, albeit not economically marginal, suffer from a weak knowledge infrastructure, limited absorptive capacities for external knowledge in the business sector and hence a low degree of attractiveness for non-local knowledge actors. Despite policy recommendations in favor of establishing satellite institutes, there has only been limited empirical research on this phenomenon, particularly concerning technology transfer ecosystem development. To fill this gap, we provide an exploratory case study of university satellite institutes in the Pearl River Delta of China’s Guangdong province. We show how such institutes can be successful in facilitating the development of their host region’s technology transfer ecosystems and demonstrate why they should be conceptually included in our existing understanding of third mission activities. Our research centers on the interplay of geographical proximity and non-spatial, organized proximity in the development of interregional knowledge bridges and entrepreneurial opportunities. We argue that the university’s geographical proximity is only successful if the satellite institute, by facilitating organized proximity, promotes the geographical proximity of further knowledge actors, hereby propelling ecosystem development.

Ketertarikan Mahasiswa Patani Melanjutkan Studi Pendidikan Islam di Indonesia

This research is motivated by curiosity about why Patani people choose to study in Indonesia, while Malaysia is a neighboring country of Patani which is geographically relatively close and also classified as advanced education. The object of research is the past and continues until now, so this study uses the total history method. To get research data, it is mostly used with the documentation method. The documentation method is complemented by the interview method. For Patani students and alumni who can still be found, the data collection techniques used are interviews and observations and are equipped with documentation methods. The results of the study show that the History of Islamic Studies of Patani students in Indonesia from 1963-2019 can be divided into three. First, in 1963-1991, where they studied only on the island of Java and were limited to the cities of Jakarta, Bandung, and Yogyakarta. Second, in 1992-2013, they expanded the study area to Medan and Banda Aceh. Third, in 2014-2019, they studied spread throughout Indonesia. In the first stage, it can be said that they chose the place to study because of the quality factor. In the second stage due to geographical proximity. While the third is because of the available scholarships.