Interaction Ritual Theory and Sports Fans: Emotion, Symbols, and Solidarity

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marci D. Cottingham
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Ir Theory ◽  
Sports Fans ◽  
Interaction Ritual ◽  
Sport Fans ◽  
Fan Behavior ◽  
Significant Life

The study of sport spectatorship has an increasing focus on the importance of fandom beyond fan violence. Fundamental to understanding fan behavior are the meaningful rituals and emotions experienced by fans. In this paper, I use the theoretical work of Randall Collins to examine the ritualistic outcomes of collective effervescence, emotional energy, and group symbols and solidarity among sport fans. I illustrate these concepts using case study data from participant observation of fans of a U.S. football team, the Pittsburgh Steelers, and content analysis of news articles. I extend Collins’ interaction ritual (IR) theory by taking the group as the unit of analysis and analyzing group solidarity beyond situational interactions and typical sport settings, including the significant life events of weddings and funerals. While critiquing Collins’ (2004) a priori portrayal of sports fans, the analysis advances IR theory, improving its utility for understanding sports fan behavior.

Classifying Sport Consumers

2020 ◽  
pp. 323-356
Author(s):  
David P. Hedlund ◽  
Rui Biscaia ◽  
Maria do Carmo Leal
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Community ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Shared Knowledge ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Sports Fans ◽  
Cluster Analyses ◽  
Sport Fans ◽  
Fan Behavior ◽  
Sport Fan

Sport fans rarely attend sporting events alone. While traditional consumer and sport fan behavior research often examines fans based on demographic characteristics, recent advances in understanding how sport fans co-create and co-consume sporting events provides substantial evidence that sports fans should be examined as tribal groups. Tribal sport fan groups can be identified based on seven dimensions, including membership; geographic sense of community; social recognition; shared rivalry; and shared knowledge of symbols, rituals and traditions, and people. In this research, these seven dimensions are used to classify sport fans (n=1505) through hierarchical and k-cluster analyses. The results of the cluster analyses using the seven dimensions suggest six unique clusters, labelled as (1) casual fans, (2) moderate remote fans, (3) moderate local fans, (4) local developing tribal fans, (5) remote tribal fans, and (6) tribal fans. A discussion of these six fan groups and the implications regarding associations with demographics and other important variables are provided.

Those Who Rarely Attend Alone

2018 ◽  
pp. 386-416
Author(s):  
David P. Hedlund ◽  
Rui Biscaia ◽  
Maria do Carmo Leal
Keyword(s):  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Structural Testing ◽  
American Football ◽  
Division I ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Sports Fans ◽  
Sport Fans ◽  
Fan Behavior ◽  
Sport Fan

Sport fans rarely attend sporting events alone. While traditional consumer and sport fan behavior research frequently segmented fans based on demographic characteristics, recent advances in understanding how sport fans co-create and co-consume sporting events provides substantial evidence that sports fans should be examined as tribal groups. In this chapter, seven dimensions of sport fan tribalism are proposed and tested (membership; geographic sense of community; social recognition; shared rivalry; and shared knowledge of symbols, rituals and traditions, and people) with samples from top-level American college football (Division I American football) and the top level of professional Portuguese soccer (Primeira Liga). The results provide reliability and validity evidence in support of the seven-dimension scale. In addition, the structural testing of the scale highlights differences between tribal fans and their teams (relative to other teams) in terms of five behavioral intentions and two commitment- related outcome variables. The implications of labeling sports fans at tribal, the use of the seven-dimension scale and the structural results are all discussed.

Classifying Sport Consumers

2021 ◽  
pp. 254-287
Author(s):  
David P. Hedlund ◽  
Rui Biscaia ◽  
Maria do Carmo Leal
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Community ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Shared Knowledge ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Sports Fans ◽  
Cluster Analyses ◽  
Sport Fans ◽  
Fan Behavior ◽  
Sport Fan

Sport fans rarely attend sporting events alone. While traditional consumer and sport fan behavior research often examines fans based on demographic characteristics, recent advances in understanding how sport fans co-create and co-consume sporting events provides substantial evidence that sports fans should be examined as tribal groups. Tribal sport fan groups can be identified based on seven dimensions, including membership; geographic sense of community; social recognition; shared rivalry; and shared knowledge of symbols, rituals and traditions, and people. In this research, these seven dimensions are used to classify sport fans (n=1505) through hierarchical and k-cluster analyses. The results of the cluster analyses using the seven dimensions suggest six unique clusters, labelled as (1) casual fans, (2) moderate remote fans, (3) moderate local fans, (4) local developing tribal fans, (5) remote tribal fans, and (6) tribal fans. A discussion of these six fan groups and the implications regarding associations with demographics and other important variables are provided.

Those Who Rarely Attend Alone

2018 ◽  
pp. 71-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Hedlund ◽  
Rui Biscaia ◽  
Maria do Carmo Leal
Keyword(s):  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Structural Testing ◽  
American Football ◽  
Division I ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Sports Fans ◽  
Sport Fans ◽  
Fan Behavior ◽  
Sport Fan

Sport fans rarely attend sporting events alone. While traditional consumer and sport fan behavior research frequently segmented fans based on demographic characteristics, recent advances in understanding how sport fans co-create and co-consume sporting events provides substantial evidence that sports fans should be examined as tribal groups. In this chapter, seven dimensions of sport fan tribalism are proposed and tested (membership; geographic sense of community; social recognition; shared rivalry; and shared knowledge of symbols, rituals and traditions, and people) with samples from top-level American college football (Division I American football) and the top level of professional Portuguese soccer (Primeira Liga). The results provide reliability and validity evidence in support of the seven-dimension scale. In addition, the structural testing of the scale highlights differences between tribal fans and their teams (relative to other teams) in terms of five behavioral intentions and two commitment- related outcome variables. The implications of labeling sports fans at tribal, the use of the seven-dimension scale and the structural results are all discussed.

A Noninferiority Analysis of 3- vs 2-Incision Techniques for Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulator Implantation

2021 ◽  
pp. 019459982110621
Author(s):  
David T. Kent ◽  
Eugene G. Chio ◽  
Jordan S. Weiner ◽  
Clemens Heiser ◽  
Maria V. Suurna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypoglossal Nerve ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Apnea Hypopnea Index ◽  
Sleep Study ◽  
Therapeutic Outcomes ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Incision Technique

Objective The only hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HNS) device available for US clinical use is implanted through 3 incisions. A recently proposed 2-incision modification moved the respiratory sensing lead from the fifth to the second intercostal space to eliminate the third lower chest incision. This study compared perioperative data and therapeutic outcomes between the techniques. Study Design Noninferiority cohort analysis of a retrospective and prospective registry study. Setting Tertiary care and community surgical centers. Methods Patients with obstructive sleep apnea underwent HNS implantation via a modified 2-incision technique (I2). A cohort previously implanted via the standard 3-incision technique (I3) were 1:1 propensity score matched for a noninferiority analysis of postoperative outcomes. Results There were 404 I3 patients and 223 I2 patients across 6 participating centers. Operative time decreased from 128.7 minutes (95% CI, 124.5-132.9) in I3 patients to 86.6 minutes (95% CI, 83.7-97.6) in I2 patients ( P < .001). Postoperative sleep study data were available for 76 I2 patients who were matched to I3 patients. The change in apnea-hypopnea index between the cohorts was statistically noninferior (a priori noninferiority margin: 7.5 events/h; mean difference, 1.51 [97.5% CI upper bound, 5.86]). There were no significant differences between the cohorts for baseline characteristics, perioperative adverse event rates, or change in Epworth Sleepiness Score ( P > .05). Conclusion In a multicenter registry, a 2-incision implant technique for a commercially available HNS device had a statistically noninferior therapeutic efficacy profile when compared with the standard 3-incision approach. The 2-incision technique is safe and effective for HNS implantation.

Types of CSR Initiatives and Fans’ Social Outcomes: The Case of Professional Sport Organizations

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoseph Mamo ◽  
Kwame Agyemang ◽  
Damon Andrew
Keyword(s):  
Social Impact ◽  
Social Outcomes ◽  
Sport Organizations ◽  
Sports Fans ◽  
Sport Fans ◽  
The Social ◽  
External Stakeholders ◽  
Sustain Ability ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Impact

While the burgeoning research on corporate social responsibility (CSR) indicates the importance of tracking the interest of external stakeholders to obtain societal goals, insight into what types of CSR activities contribute to social outcomes remain scarce. As such, the purpose of this study was to identify the relevant dimensions of CSR that can enhance the social outcomes of one specific group of external stakeholders (i.e., sport fans). Data were collected from US sports fans (n = 312) over the course of two weeks. The present research indicates that fans gain more excitement and happiness as well as increased their social cohesion if sport organization CSR initiatives are concentrating on sport governance, environmental management and sustain-ability, and philanthropy issues. Assessing the impact of CSR from micro-level approach would be one way to strengthen the relationship between existing fans and sport organizations to make positive social impact

A Magic “Bullet”: Exploring Sport Fan Usage of On-Screen, Ephemeral Posts During Live Stream Sessions

2021 ◽  
pp. 216747952110389
Author(s):  
Bo Li ◽  
Michael L. Naraine ◽  
Liang Zhao ◽  
Chenyang Li
Keyword(s):  
Magic Bullet ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Sports Fans ◽  
Sport Fans ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
Critical Commentary ◽  
Information Interaction ◽  
Sport Fan ◽  
Over The Top ◽  
Practical Implications

The bullet-screen function is an augmented comment feature that has been adopted by the majority of Over-the-Top (OTT) services to foster users’ interaction and watching experience. This feature empowers sports customers to post and view numerous, short, and fast-moving comments that overlap over the screen while watching live stream sports events in real time. This research aims to investigate how sports fans embrace the bullet-screen feature while watching live stream sports. Through a combination of thematic analyzing bullet-screen comments from a National Basketball Association Finals game, and semi-structured interviews among bullet-screen users ( N = 15), the results indicate that sport fans’ bullet-screen messages could be classified into five categories: critical commentary, socialization, supportive interactions, random messages, and trash talk. Four motives for sports fans to engage with bullet-screen posting were identified: entertainment, gathering information, interaction, and finding belonging. The study also showed that the inappropriateness of comments and too much overlay on the screen could prevent sports fans from utilizing the service. Theoretical and practical implications have also been discussed.

LESSON STUDY AS A PROCESS FOR DEVELOPING THE PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE OF PRE-SERVICE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY TEACHERS

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Conceição ◽  
◽  
Mónica Baptista ◽  
, João Pedro da Ponte ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pedagogical Content Knowledge ◽  
Content Knowledge ◽  
Lesson Study ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Initial Teacher Education ◽  
Pedagogical Content ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
8Th Grade ◽  
Teachers Professional Development

This research aimed to understand what physics and chemistry pre-service teachers learn within pedagogical content knowledge in a lesson study with the topic speed of sound, 8th grade. Participants were three pre-service teachers. This was a qualitative and interpretative study. Data were collected from participant observation, individual interviews and individual written reflections. Results showed that the participants developed their pedagogical content knowledge, when they identified the students’ prior knowledge and when they discussed strategies to help students overcome their difficulties. Keywords: initial teacher education, lesson study, pre-service teachers, professional development, science education.

Data Highways

2012 ◽  
pp. 223-241
Author(s):  
Karina Mabell Gomez ◽  
Daniele Miorandi ◽  
David Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Network Topology ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Reaction Diffusion ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Ad Hoc Wireless Networks ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
A Priori Knowledge ◽  
Reaction Diffusion Model

The design of efficient routing algorithms is an important issue in dense ad hoc wireless networks. Previous theoretical work has shown that benefits can be achieved through the creation of a set of data “highways” that carry packets across the network, from source(s) to sink(s). Current approaches to the design of these highways however require a–priori knowledge of the global network topology, with consequent communications burden and scalability issues, particularly with regard to reconfiguration after node failures. In this chapter, we describe a bio–inspired approach to generating these data highways through a distributed reaction–diffusion model that uses localized convolution with activation–inhibition filters. The result is the distributed emergence of data highways that can be tuned to provide appropriate highway separation and connection to data sinks. In this chapter, we present the underlying models, algorithms, and protocols for generating data highways in a dense wireless sensor network. The proposed methods are validated through extensive simulations performed using OMNeT++.

Onboard activity choice of Chinese cruise tourists

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-506
Author(s):  
Na Li
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Activity Choice ◽  
Cruise Ships ◽  
Consumption Values ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Chinese Tourists ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Cruise Lines

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the onboard activity choice of Chinese cruise tourists on three international cruise ships departing Shanghai, China. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative research method was adopted for this study. Data was collected using participant observation, casual conversation and semi-structured in-depth interviews from 76 Chinese cruise respondents. The data was analysed using thematic analysis. Findings Chinese cruise tourists were offered various onboard activities, most of which were Western. Booking these activities involved tourists searching information and assessing and choosing what appealed to them. They chose these activities according to the consumption values, and their decision was influenced by both context-dependent variables—the variety and style of the activities and their capacity to appeal, and the personal variable—age. Chinese tourists were satisfied with the array of onboard activity options and viewed them as an opportunity to experience Western culture. However, when they were unfamiliar with or did not understand some activities, they preferred Chinese activities. Originality/value This study formulates propositions to underlie a conceptual framework of how cruise tourists choose an onboard activity. The findings derived from the data will be valuable to cruise lines seeking to better manage tourists’ onboard experiences.

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