The Effects of Goal-Setting and Imagery Training Programs on the Free-Throw Performance of Female Collegiate Basketball Players

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart S. Lerner ◽  
Andrew C. Ostrow ◽  
Michael T. Yura ◽  
Edward F. Etzel
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Personal Goals ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Baseline Phase ◽  
Free Throw ◽  
Imagery Training ◽  
Intervention Goal ◽  
Collegiate Basketball

The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of goal-setting and imagery programs, as well as a combined goal-setting and imagery training program, on the free-throw performance among female collegiate basketball players over the course of an entire season. A multiple-baseline, single-subject A-B-A design was employed in which participants were randomly assigned to one of three interventions: (a) goal-setting (n = 4), (b) imagery (n = 4), or (c) goal-setting and imagery (n = 4). Free-throw data were collected during practice sessions. Data were examined by way of changes in mean, level, trend, latency, and variability between baseline and intervention, and then between intervention and a second baseline phase. Three participants in the goal-setting program, and one participant in the goal-setting and imagery program, increased their mean free-throw performance from baseline to intervention. However, three participants in the imagery program decreased their mean free-throw performance from baseline to intervention. Goal discrepancy scores also were investigated. A positive correlation was found between participants’ free-throw performance and personal goals.

The Effects of Centering on the Free-Throw Shooting Performance of Young Athletes

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Haddad ◽  
Patsy Tremayne
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Psychological Skills ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Baseline Design ◽  
Free Throw ◽  
Sydney Australia

The present study investigated the effectiveness of a centering breath on the free throw shooting percentage of young athletes age 10–11 years. A convenience sample was used involving young representative basketball players (juniors who were trialed, selected, and identified as the most talented basketball players in their age group). They consisted of 2 females and 3 males (M = 10 years and 7 months, SD = 6months), from a basketball stadium located in Sydney, Australia. The participants trained at least twice a week and played representative games against other metropolitan associations on the weekends. A single subject multiple-baseline design was used, and through the use of visual inspection the centering breath was shown to be a useful tool for improving all participants’ performance to varying degrees. The findings indicate that it may be advantageous to explore the effectiveness of centering or other psychological skills in a variety of sport skills (closed versus open), and for children of different age groups.

Effects of a Cognitive Intervention Package on the Free-Throw Performance of Varsity Basketball Players during Practice and Competition

1992 ◽  
Vol 75 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1243-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwight W. Kearns ◽  
Jane Crossman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Intervention ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Intervention Package ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Baseline Design ◽  
Free Throw ◽  
Game Condition ◽  
Larger Sample

To examine the effects of a cognitive intervention package on the free-throw shooting performance of basketball players, with 3 Canadian male university caliber basketball players ages 20, 22, and 24 years, during practice and in competition single-subject multiple-baseline design was implemented. Each subject was introduced to the imagery-rehearsal intervention at different times during the 14-week competitive basketball season. Free-throw data were collected during 50 practice sessions and 32 games. Data from both practice and competitive situations were examined using a comparison of graphed means. In the practice condition an increase in free-throw performance for all three subjects occurred during the posttreatment intervention. In the game condition, Subjects A and B showed posttreatment improvement. The cognitive intervention package consisting of visualization and relaxation can be an effective strategy for improving free-throw performance of some basketball players. Further research should involve control-group examination using a larger sample across a variety of tasks.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of a Mental Toughness Education and Training Program for Early-Career English Football League Referees

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam A. Slack ◽  
Ian W. Maynard ◽  
Joanne Butt ◽  
Peter Olusoga
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Mental Toughness ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Baseline Phase ◽  
And Training ◽  
Practical Implications

The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a Mental Toughness Education and Training Program (MTETP) in elite football officiating. The MTETP consisted of four individual and two group-based workshops designed to develop mental toughness (MT) and enhance performance in three English Football League (EFL) referees. Adopting a single-subject, multiple-baseline-across-participants design, MT and referee-assessor reports were evaluated. Self and coach-ratings of MT highlighted an instant and continued improvement in all three referees during the intervention phases. Performance reports of all referees improved throughout the intervention phases compared with the baseline phase. Social validation data indicated that an array of strategies within the MTETP facilitated MT development. Discussions acknowledge theoretical and practical implications relating to the continued progression of MT interventions in elite sport.

The Effects of an Imagery Rehearsal, Relaxation, and Self-Talk Package on Basketball Game Performance

1990 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail Kendall ◽  
Dennis Hrycaiko ◽  
Garry L. Martin ◽  
Tom Kendall
Keyword(s):  
Social Validity ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Intervention Package ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Basketball Game ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
Validity Measures ◽  
Game Performance ◽  
Imagery Rehearsal

This study investigated the effects of an imagery rehearsal, relaxation, and self-talk package on the performance of a specific defensive basketball skill during competition. Subjects were four female intercollegiate basketball players. A single-subject multiple-baseline-across-individuals design was employed to evaluate the intervention package. The intervention was clearly effective in enhancing a basketball skill during games, and social validity measures were very positive. The need for further research in this area is discussed.

The Effect of Highlight Music Videotapes upon the Game Performance of Intercollegiate Basketball Players

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Templin ◽  
Ralph A. Vernacchia
Keyword(s):  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Peak Performance ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Competitive Season ◽  
Individual Player ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Game Performance

Recent technological developments in applied sport psychology that utilize videotaping and playback techniques to enhance athletic performance have become increasingly attractive to coaches, athletes, and sport psychologists. This study of 5 male intercollegiate basketball players was designed to examine the effectiveness of highlight peak performance music videotapes on competitive offensive field goal percentage. Videotapes incorporating each player’s best and most effective plays were supplemented by inspirational music and were viewed by the athletes throughout the competitive season. Treatment effects were determined by a single-subject multiple-baseline-across-subjects design. Although a causal relationship between highlight videotapes and offensive field goal percentage was not established, the results did demonstrate a mean increase of 4.7% in overall field goal percentage for 3 of the 5 participants. Social validity was explored through the use of imagery evaluation sheets, individual player logs of introspective thought, and personal interviews.

Effects of Public Posting on Inappropriate On-Court Behaviors by Collegiate Tennis Players

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zarina J. Galvan ◽  
Phillip Ward
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Verbal Abuse ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Social Validation ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Baseline Design ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Inappropriate Behaviors ◽  
Public Posting

A single-subject multiple baseline design across five players was used to assess the effectiveness of public posting in reducing inappropriate on-court behaviors (e.g., verbal abuse by a player during a match). Players were observed throughout the season during weekly challenge matches. The first intervention phase involved initial feedback on inappropriate behaviors and an explanation of the intervention procedures and goal setting. In the second phase, the number of inappropriate behaviors for each player was posted. Results indicated that intervention was effective in immediately reducing the number of inappropriate on-court behaviors for all players. Social validation questionnaires given to players and coaches revealed that the goals, procedures, and outcomes of the intervention were very acceptable.

Goal Setting and Feedback as a Posttraining Strategy to Increase the Transfer of Training

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth L. Shoenfelt
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Transfer Of Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Shooting Technique ◽  
Free Throw ◽  
Summative Feedback

12 female intercollegiate basketball players trained to shoot free-throws were matched on performance at midseason then randomly divided into two groups. The treatment group received participatively set individual goals, feedback on shooting technique, and summative feedback. After the intervention, the treatment group had greater free-throw accuracy than the control group in seven of eight games, averaging 73.2% (93/127) versus the control group's 63.6% (63/99).

Using Goal Setting to Enhance Positive Affect Among Junior Multievent Athletes

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. McCarthy ◽  
Marc V. Jones ◽  
Chris G. Harwood ◽  
Laura Davenport
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Baseline Design ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Experimental Effect ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
And Performance

Positive affect is linked to enhanced motivation, commitment, and performance among youth sport performers; yet, few psychological interventions have specifically attempted to enhance positive affect among these athletes. To address this circumstance, we implemented a single-subject multiple-baseline design to examine the effects of a goal-setting intervention on the positive and negative affective responses of three competitive youth athletes. Statistical analysis coupled with visual inspection criteria revealed a significant overall increase in positive affect for participants 1 and 2. A statistically significant increase in positive affect also emerged for participant 3, yet it was not possible to detect a significant experimental effect using visual inspection criteria. No statistically significant decreases in negative effect emerged for any of the three participants. These results show some support for the hypothesis that goal setting may enhance positive affect among junior multievent athletes.

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