The Effects of an Imagery Rehearsal, Relaxation, and Self-Talk Package on Basketball Game Performance

1990 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail Kendall ◽  
Dennis Hrycaiko ◽  
Garry L. Martin ◽  
Tom Kendall
Keyword(s):  
Social Validity ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Intervention Package ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Basketball Game ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
Validity Measures ◽  
Game Performance ◽  
Imagery Rehearsal

This study investigated the effects of an imagery rehearsal, relaxation, and self-talk package on the performance of a specific defensive basketball skill during competition. Subjects were four female intercollegiate basketball players. A single-subject multiple-baseline-across-individuals design was employed to evaluate the intervention package. The intervention was clearly effective in enhancing a basketball skill during games, and social validity measures were very positive. The need for further research in this area is discussed.

Developing Competitive Endurance Performance Using Mental Skills Training

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Thelwell ◽  
Iain A. Greenlees
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Mental Skills ◽  
Intervention Package ◽  
Mental Skills Training ◽  
Training Package ◽  
Mental Skill ◽  
Self Talk

The present study examined the effects of a mental skills training package on competitive gymnasium triathlon performance and evaluated the utilization and impacts of the mental skills during performance. Four participants competed against each other on ten occasions in a single-subject multiple baseline across individuals design, which was used to evaluate an intervention package including goal setting, relaxation, imagery, and self-talk. The results indicated the mental skills package to be effective in enhancing all participants’ competitive triathlon performance and usage of mental skills from baseline to intervention phases. Qualitative data revealed that each of the mental skills were employed both prior to and during each triathlon and had varying impacts depending on when they were utilized. Issues regarding mental skill effectiveness and usage within competitive endurance performance are discussed.

Effects of a Cognitive Intervention Package on the Free-Throw Performance of Varsity Basketball Players during Practice and Competition

1992 ◽  
Vol 75 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1243-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwight W. Kearns ◽  
Jane Crossman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Intervention ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Intervention Package ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Baseline Design ◽  
Free Throw ◽  
Game Condition ◽  
Larger Sample

To examine the effects of a cognitive intervention package on the free-throw shooting performance of basketball players, with 3 Canadian male university caliber basketball players ages 20, 22, and 24 years, during practice and in competition single-subject multiple-baseline design was implemented. Each subject was introduced to the imagery-rehearsal intervention at different times during the 14-week competitive basketball season. Free-throw data were collected during 50 practice sessions and 32 games. Data from both practice and competitive situations were examined using a comparison of graphed means. In the practice condition an increase in free-throw performance for all three subjects occurred during the posttreatment intervention. In the game condition, Subjects A and B showed posttreatment improvement. The cognitive intervention package consisting of visualization and relaxation can be an effective strategy for improving free-throw performance of some basketball players. Further research should involve control-group examination using a larger sample across a variety of tasks.

The Effect of Highlight Music Videotapes upon the Game Performance of Intercollegiate Basketball Players

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Templin ◽  
Ralph A. Vernacchia
Keyword(s):  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Peak Performance ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Competitive Season ◽  
Individual Player ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Game Performance

Recent technological developments in applied sport psychology that utilize videotaping and playback techniques to enhance athletic performance have become increasingly attractive to coaches, athletes, and sport psychologists. This study of 5 male intercollegiate basketball players was designed to examine the effectiveness of highlight peak performance music videotapes on competitive offensive field goal percentage. Videotapes incorporating each player’s best and most effective plays were supplemented by inspirational music and were viewed by the athletes throughout the competitive season. Treatment effects were determined by a single-subject multiple-baseline-across-subjects design. Although a causal relationship between highlight videotapes and offensive field goal percentage was not established, the results did demonstrate a mean increase of 4.7% in overall field goal percentage for 3 of the 5 participants. Social validity was explored through the use of imagery evaluation sheets, individual player logs of introspective thought, and personal interviews.

Iterative Development of a Home Review Program to Promote Preschoolers' Vocabulary Skills: Social Validity and Learning Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xigrid Soto ◽  
Yagmur Seven ◽  
Meaghan McKenna ◽  
Keri Madsen ◽  
Lindsey Peters-Sanders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Stress ◽  
Social Validity ◽  
Home Language ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Considerable Difficulty ◽  
Home Program ◽  
Iterative Development ◽  
Vocabulary Skills ◽  
Validity Measures ◽  
At Home

Purpose This article describes the iterative development of a home review program designed to augment vocabulary instruction for young children (ages 4 and 5 years) occurring at school through the use of a home review component. Method A pilot study followed by two experiments used adapted alternating treatment designs to compare the learning of academic words taught at school to words taught at school and reviewed at home. At school, children in small groups were taught academic words embedded in prerecorded storybooks for 6 weeks. Children were given materials such as stickers with review prompts (e.g., “Tell me what brave means”) to take home for half the words. Across iterations of the home intervention, the home review component was enhanced by promoting parent engagement and buy-in through in-person training, video modeling, and daily text message reminders. Visual analyses of single-subject graphs, multilevel modeling, and social validity measures were used to evaluate the additive effects and feasibility of the home review component. Results Social validity results informed each iteration of the home program. The effects of the home program across sites were mixed, with only one site showing consistently strong effects. Superior learning was evident in the school + home review condition for families that reviewed words frequently at home. Although the home review program was effective in improving the vocabulary skills of many children, some families had considerable difficulty practicing vocabulary words. Conclusion These studies highlight the importance of using social validity measures to inform iterative development of home interventions that promote feasible strategies for enhancing the home language environment. Further research is needed to identify strategies that stimulate facilitators and overcome barriers to implementation, especially in high-stress homes, to enrich the home language environments of more families.

The Effects of Centering on the Free-Throw Shooting Performance of Young Athletes

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Haddad ◽  
Patsy Tremayne
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Psychological Skills ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Baseline Design ◽  
Free Throw ◽  
Sydney Australia

The present study investigated the effectiveness of a centering breath on the free throw shooting percentage of young athletes age 10–11 years. A convenience sample was used involving young representative basketball players (juniors who were trialed, selected, and identified as the most talented basketball players in their age group). They consisted of 2 females and 3 males (M = 10 years and 7 months, SD = 6months), from a basketball stadium located in Sydney, Australia. The participants trained at least twice a week and played representative games against other metropolitan associations on the weekends. A single subject multiple-baseline design was used, and through the use of visual inspection the centering breath was shown to be a useful tool for improving all participants’ performance to varying degrees. The findings indicate that it may be advantageous to explore the effectiveness of centering or other psychological skills in a variety of sport skills (closed versus open), and for children of different age groups.

The Effects of Goal-Setting and Imagery Training Programs on the Free-Throw Performance of Female Collegiate Basketball Players

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart S. Lerner ◽  
Andrew C. Ostrow ◽  
Michael T. Yura ◽  
Edward F. Etzel
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Personal Goals ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Baseline Phase ◽  
Free Throw ◽  
Imagery Training ◽  
Intervention Goal ◽  
Collegiate Basketball

The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of goal-setting and imagery programs, as well as a combined goal-setting and imagery training program, on the free-throw performance among female collegiate basketball players over the course of an entire season. A multiple-baseline, single-subject A-B-A design was employed in which participants were randomly assigned to one of three interventions: (a) goal-setting (n = 4), (b) imagery (n = 4), or (c) goal-setting and imagery (n = 4). Free-throw data were collected during practice sessions. Data were examined by way of changes in mean, level, trend, latency, and variability between baseline and intervention, and then between intervention and a second baseline phase. Three participants in the goal-setting program, and one participant in the goal-setting and imagery program, increased their mean free-throw performance from baseline to intervention. However, three participants in the imagery program decreased their mean free-throw performance from baseline to intervention. Goal discrepancy scores also were investigated. A positive correlation was found between participants’ free-throw performance and personal goals.

Single-Subject Evaluation of a Self-Talk Package for Improving Figure Skating Performance

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siri Ming ◽  
Garry L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Behavioral Assessment ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Figure Skaters ◽  
Self Talk

A self-talk package was used to improve performance of compulsory figures by prenovice- and novice-level figure skaters. The study included ongoing objective behavioral assessment across practices of the figure skating performance as well as the extent to which the skaters actually utilized the self-talk. A multi-element design with multiple baseline replications across 4 participants demonstrated that improvements were due to the treatment. Self-report follow-up at 1 year indicated that the participants continued to utilize the selftalk during practices and that they believed that it enhanced their test and/or competitive performance. The results support the view that planned self-talk can aid skill acquisition. Results are conceptualized in terms of rule-governed control over behavior, which may provide a useful framework for enabling sport psychologists to increase the efficacy of self-talk interventions.

scholarly journals Self-Talk and Female Youth Soccer Performance

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janelle J.M. Johnson ◽  
Dennis W. Hrycaiko ◽  
Gary V. Johnson ◽  
Joannie M. Halas
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Single Subject Design ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Validity Assessment ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
The Social ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
Soccer Team ◽  
Social Validity Assessment

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of teaching skilled athletes to use self-talk (ST) and gain insight on the athlete’s perceptions of the ST intervention and how it influenced their performance. The participants were four female players from an “elite” under fourteen female regional soccer team. A single-subject design, the multiple baseline across individuals, was used to examine the effects of the ST strategy on performance. The results of the study demonstrated that the ST strategy improved soccer shooting performance for two of the three experimental participants. The social validity assessment found that both the coach and the participants were very satisfied with the results and believed the ST strategy to be an important component in improving their performance.

The Effects of a Mental Skills Training Package on Gymnasium Triathlon Performance

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Thelwell ◽  
Iain A. Greenlees
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Mental Skills ◽  
Intervention Package ◽  
Mental Skills Training ◽  
Training Package

The present study examined the effects of a mental skills training package on gymnasium triathlon performance. Five participants took part in a single-subject multiple baseline across individuals design, which was used to evaluate an intervention package including goal setting, relaxation, imagery, and selftalk. The results of the study indicated the mental skills package to be effective in enhancing triathlon performance for all five participants. Additionally, all participants increased their usage of mental skills from baseline to intervention phases. Follow-up social validation checks indicated all participants to have perceived the intervention to be successful and enjoyable, and all were satisfied with delivery and content of the package. In conclusion, the findings provide further evidence to suggest mental skills training packages to be effective for endurance performance.

Effects of Phonological Decoding Training on Children's Word Recognition of CVC, CV, and VC Structures

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenyatta O. Rivers ◽  
Linda J. Lombardino ◽  
Cynthia K. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Group Training ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Multiple Baseline Design ◽  
Baseline Design ◽  
Phonological Decoding ◽  
The Third ◽  
Letter Sound

The effects of training in letter-sound correspondences and phonemic decoding (segmenting and blending skills) on three kindergartners' word recognition abilities were examined using a single-subject multiple-baseline design across behaviors and subjects. Whereas CVC pseudowords were trained, generalization to untrained CVC pseudowords, untrained CVC real words, untrained CV and VC pseudowords, and untrained CV and VC real words were assessed. Generalization occurred to all of the untrained constructions for two of the three subjects. The third subject did not show the same degree of generalization to VC pseudowords and real words; however, after three training sessions, this subject read all VC constructions with 100% accuracy. Findings are consistent with group training studies that have shown the benefits of decoding training on word recognition and spelling skills and with studies that have demonstrated the effects of generalization to less complex structures when more complex structures are trained.

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