It Ain’t What You Do, It’s the Way that You Do It! Teaching Style Affects Children’s Motivation in Track and Field Lessons

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marios Goudas ◽  
Stuart Biddle ◽  
Kenneth Fox ◽  
Martin Underwood
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Teaching Style ◽  
Sport Activity ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Sports Activity ◽  
Task Goal ◽  
And Task

The purpose of this study was to examine the motivational effects of two different teaching styles in one sport activity. One class of 24 girls was taught track and field for 10 weeks, each lesson being taught with either a direct (practice) or a differentiated (inclusion) teaching style. After each lesson the girls completed self-report measures of intrinsic motivation and goal involvement. On course completion, 8 girls were interviewed to assess their reactions to the course. ANOVA showed that students reporting higher levels of competence, autonomy, and task orientation had higher intrinsic motivation scores throughout the course. However, teaching style was also found to have an independent effect; the differentiated style was associated with higher levels of intrinsic motivation and task goal involvement and lower levels of work avoidance involvement. A differentiated teaching style can positively influence young girls’ reactions to a sports activity independently of perceptions of goal orientations, autonomy, and competence.

scholarly journals A meta-analytic review of achievement goal orientation correlates in competitive sport

Kinesiology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Lochbaum ◽  
Ricardo Zazo ◽  
Zişan Kazak Çetinkalp ◽  
Taylor Wright ◽  
Kara-Aretha Graham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Goal Orientation ◽  
Orientation Relationship ◽  
Extrinsic Motivation ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Perceived Competence ◽  
Achievement Goal ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Competitive Sport ◽  
Task Goal

Recent quantitative research in competitive sport with the Task and Ego Orientations in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) and Perceptions of Success Questionnaire (POSQ) pointed to a potential critical issue that the two questionnaires did not agree across a number tested hypotheses (Lochbaum, Kazak Çetinkalp, Graham, Wright, & Zazo, 2016). Thus, the present quantitative review examined whether correlates of the two achievement goal orientations were moderated by the two measures. To achieve this purpose, 772 unique correlates (489 TEOSQ, 283 POSQ; 402 task orientation, 370 ego orientation) from 93 studies spanning 1989-2016 from 32 countries with 26,387 participants were placed into 15 different categories and meta-analyzed. The task goal orientation was significantly and small to moderate in meaningfulness related to adaptive success factors (rw=.29), maladaptive success factors (rw=-.12), desirable behaviors (rw=.28), positive emotions (rw=.35), amotivation (rw=-.13), extrinsic motivation (rw=.20), external regulations (rw=.12), internal regulations (rw=.34), intrinsic motivation (rw=.47), the mastery/task climate (rw=.38), perceived competence (rw=.26), and trait selfesteem (rw=.35). The ego goal orientation was significantly and small in meaningfulness related to adaptive success factors (rw=.10), maladaptive success factors (rw=.12), negative emotions (rw=.11), undesirable behaviors (rw=.23), amotivation (rw=.16), extrinsic motivation (rw=.28), external regulation (rw=.21), intrinsic motivation (rw=.14), performance/ego climate (rw=.28), and perceived competence (rw=.17). The questionnaire measure was a significant moderator for the task goal orientation relationship with desirable behaviors (POSQ rw=.24; TEOSQ rw=.37), internal regulations (POSQ rw=.26; TEOSQ rw=.39), and trait self-esteem (POSQ rw=.45; TEOSQ rw=.32) and for the ego goal orientation relationship with performance/ego climate (POSQ rw=.34; TEOSQ rw=.24). Overall, the extent of the questionnaire type being a concern when examining correlates was fortunately minimal. Yet, differences in the two dominant measures exit. Recommendations for future research examining both the TEOSQ and POSQ were proposed.

scholarly journals Self-Determination and Goal Orientation in Track and Field

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngien-Siong Chin ◽  
Selina Khoo ◽  
Wah-Yun Low
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Goal Orientation ◽  
Extrinsic Motivation ◽  
Goal Orientations ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Adolescent Athletes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ego Orientation

Self-Determination and Goal Orientation in Track and FieldThis study investigated gender, age group and locality differences in adolescent athletes' self-determination motivation and goal orientations in track and field. It also examined the relationship between the self-determination theory and achievement goal theory. A total of 632 (349 boys, 283 girls) adolescent athletes (aged 13-18 years) completed the Sports Motivation Scale and Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire. Results indicated significant differences between gender on intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, amotivation (t(630) = 4.10, p < 0.05) and ego orientation (t(630) = 2.48, p < 0.05). Male students reported higher intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, amotivation and ego orientation. A significant difference was found between age groups on task orientation (t(630) = 1.94, p < 0.05) and locality on ego orientation (t(630) = 1.94, p < 0.05). Older athletes showed significantly higher task orientation. Rural athletes had higher ego orientation whereas urban athletes have higher intrinsic motivation. Task orientation was related to intrinsic motivation (r = 0.55, p < 0.01), extrinsic motivation (r = 0.55, p < 0.01), but weakly related to amotivation (r = 0.10, p < 0.01). Ego orientation was related to intrinsic motivation (r = 0.30, p < 0.01), extrinsic motivation (r = 0.36, p < 0.01) and amotivaion (r = 0.36, p < 0.01). Task orientation was related to ego orientation (r = 0.29, p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and amotivation accounted for 30.5% of the variances in task orientation.

Race, Gender, and Perceived Employment Discrimination

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-527
Author(s):  
Philip Q. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Employment Discrimination ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Job Discrimination ◽  
And Gender

This study investigates the effects of race and gender on perceived employment discrimination using the 2016 General Social Survey that provides new data on perceived employment discrimination that aligns more closely with the legal definition of employment discrimination. It is found that 19% of the American adults self-reported the experience of employment discrimination in job application, pay increase, or promotion in the past 5 years. The results of logistic regression analysis show that either controlling or not controlling for other factors, Blacks were much more likely to perceive being discriminated in employment than Whites, but other races were not significantly different from Whites in perceived employment discrimination after holding other variables constant. While gender did not have a significant independent effect on perceived job discrimination, it did interact with race to influence perceived job discrimination. Regardless of race, women were somewhat less likely than men to perceive job discrimination, but Black women were significantly even less likely than White women to self-report job discrimination, and Black men were much more likely to self-report employment discrimination than White men. These findings have implications for combating employment discrimination and addressing social inequalities.

Experimental Evaluations of a Model of Mental Workload

1989 ◽  
Vol 33 (18) ◽  
pp. 1233-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Hancock ◽  
M. H. Chignell ◽  
M. Vercruyssen ◽  
M. Denhoff
Keyword(s):  
Path Length ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Performance Task ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Task Goal ◽  
Systematic Effects

The present experiments were designed to test predictions from a model of mental workload. The model predicts non-linear increases in mental workload as perceived distance from a task goal grows and effective time for action is reduced. Diminution of mental workload is achieved by application of effort which brings the task goal into the region of acceptable time/distance constraints for successful resolution. Two experiments are reported which tested these assertions using the timepools performance task. Timepools is unique as a performance task in that it generates a spatial representation of a shrinking temporal target. The independent effects of path length, i.e., the number of sequential targets to be acquired, and shrink rate, i.e., the collapse time during which the circle is halved in area, may be assessed using performance variables such as reaction time (RT), movement time (MT), error rate (E), and the subjective perception of workload. Data from Experiment 1, indicate systematic effects for task related factors across performance and workload measures, although such a pattern was not isomorphically mapped to the a priori assumed difficulty of the task. In Experiment 2, shrink rate and path length had independent effect on RT and MT respectively, which were reflected in components of the individual workload scales. The ramifications with respect to the model are elaborated.

scholarly journals Grip Type and Task Goal Modify Reach-to-Grasp Performance in Post-Stroke Hemiparesis

Motor Control ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydney Y. Schaefer ◽  
Stacey L. DeJong ◽  
Kendra M. Cherry ◽  
Catherine E. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Reach To Grasp ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Task Goal ◽  
And Task

Toward a more critical dialogue for enhancing self-report surveys in sport expertise and deliberate practice research

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael A.B. Tedesqui ◽  
Lindsay McCardle ◽  
Dora Bartulovic ◽  
Bradley W. Young
Keyword(s):  
Sport Activity ◽  
Deliberate Practice ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Practice Research ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Expertise Development ◽  
Critical Dialogue ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Sport Expertise ◽  
Practice Framework

Two hallmark criteria are commonly used to determine whether a variable of interest has an impact on sport expertise development: (a) discrimination of performance or skill levels and (b) association with time spent in deliberate practice activities. Our opinion is that there has been warranted criticism of the deliberate practice framework and greater methodological rigour will invigorate survey research in this area. In this paper, we aimed to provide critical perspectives on self-report methods previously used to assess group discrimination and to measure deliberate practice in survey-based work in the context of sport expertise as well as to illustrate steps that could be taken to improve confidence in the validity and reliability of these measures. First, we focus on challenges discriminating between multiple, progressively skilled groups of athletes and outline two strategies: one aimed at improving the validity of skill grouping using standardized performance measures, and another illustrating how researchers can assess variability within skill levels. Second, we highlight challenges in measuring deliberate practice activities and propose a funnel method of narrowing athletes’ estimates from general sport activity to highly individualized, purposeful practice. We argue more attention is needed on the development of self-report methods and measurements to reliably and validly assess sport expertise development.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document