scholarly journals Universal diffraction of atoms and molecules from a quantum reflection grating

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. e1500901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bum Suk Zhao ◽  
Weiqing Zhang ◽  
Wieland Schöllkopf
Keyword(s):  
Matter Wave ◽  
Universal Behavior ◽  
Atoms And Molecules ◽  
Quantum Reflection ◽  
Model Combining ◽  
Wave Nature ◽  
Secondary Scattering ◽  
Optical Phenomena ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
De Broglie Wavelength

Since de Broglie’s work on the wave nature of particles, various optical phenomena have been observed with matter waves of atoms and molecules. However, the analogy between classical and atom/molecule optics is not exact because of different dispersion relations. In addition, according to de Broglie’s formula, different combinations of particle mass and velocity can give the same de Broglie wavelength. As a result, even for identical wavelengths, different molecular properties such as electric polarizabilities, Casimir-Polder forces, and dissociation energies modify (and potentially suppress) the resulting matter-wave optical phenomena such as diffraction intensities or interference effects. We report on the universal behavior observed in matter-wave diffraction of He atoms and He2 and D2 molecules from a ruled grating. Clear evidence for emerging beam resonances is observed in the diffraction patterns, which are quantitatively the same for all three particles and only depend on the de Broglie wavelength. A model, combining secondary scattering and quantum reflection, permits us to trace the observed universal behavior back to the peculiar principles of quantum reflection.

scholarly journals Grating Diffraction of Molecular Beams: Present Day Implementations of Otto Stern’s Concept

2021 ◽  
pp. 575-593
Author(s):  
Wieland Schöllkopf
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Coherent Scattering ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Matter Wave ◽  
Atoms And Molecules ◽  
Wave Nature ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Grating Diffraction

AbstractWhen Otto Stern embarked on molecular-beam experiments in his new lab at Hamburg University a century ago, one of his interests was to demonstrate the wave-nature of atoms and molecules that had been predicted shortly before by Louis de Broglie. As the effects of diffraction and interference provide conclusive evidence for wave-type behavior, Otto Stern and his coworkers conceived two matter-wave diffraction experiments employing their innovative molecular-beam method. The first concept assumed the molecular ray to coherently scatter off a plane ruled grating at grazing incidence conditions, while the second one was based on the coherent scattering from a cleaved crystal surface. The latter concept allowed Stern and his associates to demonstrate the wave behavior of atoms and molecules and to validate de Broglie’s formula. The former experiment, however, fell short of providing evidence for diffraction of matter waves. It was not until 2007 that the grating diffraction experiment was retried with a modern molecular-beam apparatus. Fully resolved matter-wave diffraction patterns were observed, confirming the viability of Otto Stern’s experimental concept. The correct explanation of the experiment accounts for quantum reflection, another wave effect incompatible with the particle picture, which was not foreseen by Stern and his contemporaries.

scholarly journals X-ray diffraction method application to assess the energy losses on explosive-rock contact under various blasting

2020 ◽  
Vol 168 ◽  
pp. 00051
Author(s):  
Ihor Kratkovskyi ◽  
Ernest Yefremov ◽  
Kostyantyn Ishchenko ◽  
Sergo Khomeriki
Keyword(s):  
Rock Fracture ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Optical Systems ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wave Nature ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Granulometric Characteristics

The dissipative energy losses of the explosion on the explosive-rock contact are usually evaluated with comparative analysis of the particle size distribution of finely dispersed fractions (0-100 microns). The more tiny particles contained in the destruction products, the higher there is a level of energy loss during the explosion. Fine dust granulometric characteristics are determined by processing the mass measurements data of the individual smallest particles sizes when decoding microphotographs obtained by a microscope. However due to the chromatic aberrations due the wave nature of light and the optical systems imperfection, it is not possible to reliably estimate the mass and granulometric characteristics particles of micron size. X-ray diffraction method for studying ultrafine rock fracture products makes it possible to estimate the dissipative energy losses on explosive-rock contact based on the reflected X-ray beam total intensity in diffractograms. In order to establish the effectiveness of methods for reducing the level of dissipative energy losses of an explosion, X-ray diffraction patterns of finely dispersed fracture products of rock samples under various conditions of dynamic loading are analyzed (using different charge designs, attenuating the rocks by the action of a surfactant, and the force action of a different gradient stress field).

Young’s Musical Optics

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Pesic
Keyword(s):  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Wave Theory ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Scientific Instrument ◽  
Web Browsers ◽  
Acoustic Analogy ◽  
Wave Nature ◽  
Light Waves ◽  
Leonhard Euler ◽  
Optical Phenomena

Building on the work of Leonhard Euler, Thomas Young advanced the wave theory of sound and light. This chapter describes how Young found his way to music against the strictures of his Quaker milieu. His new-found passions for music and dance informed his studies of sound and languages. His early work on the accommodation of the eye remained a touchstone for his later scientific development. At many points, his understanding of sound influenced and shaped his approach to light, including the decisive experiments that established its wave nature. His early investigations into the sounds of pipes led him to make an acoustic analogy that could explain optical phenomena such as Newton’s rings. He introduced a new system of temperament and used the piano as a scientific instrument. His comprehensive Lectures on Natural Philosophy included many plates that juxtaposed acoustic and optical phenomena. When Young turned to the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphics, he relied on sound and phonology. His final suggestions about the transverse nature of light waves again turned on the comparison with sound. Throughout the book where various sound examples are referenced, please see http://mitpress.mit.edu/musicandmodernscience (please note that the sound examples should be viewed in Chrome or Safari Web browsers).

scholarly journals Quantum reflection of bright matter-wave solitons

2009 ◽  
Vol 238 (15) ◽  
pp. 1299-1305 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.L. Cornish ◽  
N.G. Parker ◽  
A.M. Martin ◽  
T.E. Judd ◽  
R.G. Scott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Matter Wave ◽  
Quantum Reflection

scholarly journals The diffraction of electrons in gases

1931 ◽  
Vol 133 (822) ◽  
pp. 615-636 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
X Rays ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Wave Mechanics ◽  
Free Electrons ◽  
Complex Molecules ◽  
Wave Nature ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Diffraction Effects ◽  
The Waves

The new wave mechanics has been eminently successful in correlating and accounting for the large amount of experimental data on the periodic properties of the atom. The applications of the new theory to aperiodic phenomena, though not nearly so numerous, have been attended with no less success; indeed, it is in these experiments on free electrons, in which diffraction patterns similar to those produced by beams of X-rays and light are obtained, that the wave nature of electrons is so clearly and objectively demonstrated. Such diffraction effects have been obtained by a number of investigators by scattering beams of homogeneous electrons in crystals, thin films and by a ruled grating. Similar effects are obtained when electrons are scattered by complex molecules, owing to the symmetrically situated nuclei in the molecular structure, and when α -particles are scattered by helium owing to interference between the waves of the scattered incident particles and recoiling helium nuclei.

scholarly journals What is an `ideally imperfect' crystal? Is kinematical theory appropriate?

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul F. Fewster
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Interatomic Distances ◽  
Atoms And Molecules ◽  
Imperfect Crystal ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Inorganic Molecules ◽  
Kinematical Theory

Most materials are crystalline because atoms and molecules tend to form ordered arrangements, and since the interatomic distances are comparable with the wavelength of X-rays, their interaction creates diffraction patterns. The intensity in these patterns changes with crystal quality. Perfect crystals,e.g. semiconductors, fit well to dynamical theory, whereas crystals that reveal the stereochemistry of complex biological molecules, the structure of organic and inorganic molecules and powders are required to be fragmented (termed `ideally imperfect') to justify the use of the simpler kinematical theory. New experimental results of perfect and imperfect crystals are interpreted with a fundamental description of diffraction, which does not need fragmented crystals but just ubiquitous defects. The distribution of the intensity is modified and can influence the interpretation of the patterns.

scholarly journals Enhanced quantum reflection of matter-wave solitons

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Lee ◽  
J Brand
Keyword(s):  
Matter Wave ◽  
Quantum Reflection

scholarly journals Experimental test of Babinet's principle in matter-wave diffraction

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (13) ◽  
pp. 8030-8036
Author(s):  
Lee Yeong Kim ◽  
Ju Hyeon Lee ◽  
Yun-Tae Kim ◽  
Sanghwan Park ◽  
Chang Young Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Test ◽  
Wave Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Gratings ◽  
Matter Wave ◽  
Atom Beam ◽  
Quantum Reflection

We report on an experimental test of Babinet's principle in quantum reflection of an atom beam from diffraction gratings.

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