Ionoelastomer junctions between polymer networks of fixed anions and cations

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 367 (6479) ◽  
pp. 773-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeong Jun Kim ◽  
Baohong Chen ◽  
Zhigang Suo ◽  
Ryan C. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Networks ◽  
Ionic Currents ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Opposite Polarity ◽  
Electrochemical Reactions ◽  
Ionic Conductors ◽  
Electromechanical Transduction ◽  
Anions And Cations ◽  
Mobile Ions ◽  
Ionic Double Layer

Soft ionic conductors have enabled stretchable and transparent devices, but liquids in such devices tend to leak and evaporate. In this study, we demonstrate diodes and transistors using liquid-free ionoelastomers, in which either anions or cations are fixed to an elastomer network and the other ionic species are mobile. The junction of the two ionoelastomers of opposite polarity yields an ionic double layer, which is capable of rectifying and switching ionic currents without electrochemical reactions. The entropically driven depletion of mobile ions creates a junction of tough adhesion, and the stretchability of the junction enables electromechanical transduction.

scholarly journals Stretchable, Transparent, Ionic Conductors

Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 341 (6149) ◽  
pp. 984-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Keplinger ◽  
Jeong-Yun Sun ◽  
Choon Chiang Foo ◽  
Philipp Rothemund ◽  
George M. Whitesides ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Reaction ◽  
Transparent Conductors ◽  
Large Strains ◽  
Stretchable Electronics ◽  
Ionic Conductors ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Electromechanical Transduction ◽  
Highly Stretchable ◽  
Electronic Conductors ◽  
Lower Sheet Resistance

Existing stretchable, transparent conductors are mostly electronic conductors. They limit the performance of interconnects, sensors, and actuators as components of stretchable electronics and soft machines. We describe a class of devices enabled by ionic conductors that are highly stretchable, fully transparent to light of all colors, and capable of operation at frequencies beyond 10 kilohertz and voltages above 10 kilovolts. We demonstrate a transparent actuator that can generate large strains and a transparent loudspeaker that produces sound over the entire audible range. The electromechanical transduction is achieved without electrochemical reaction. The ionic conductors have higher resistivity than many electronic conductors; however, when large stretchability and high transmittance are required, the ionic conductors have lower sheet resistance than all existing electronic conductors.

Runoff characteristics of major ionic species during rain events in forested watershed

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
A. Y. Komai ◽  
S. Umemoto ◽  
T. Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Storm Event ◽  
Forested Watershed ◽  
Output Surface ◽  
Opposite Change ◽  
Subsurface Runoff ◽  
Anions And Cations ◽  
Rain Events

The runoff characteristics of major ionic species from a stream in a forested watershed were investigated during two rain events. The values of EC and the concentrations of alkalinity, anions and cations, except for NO3−, decreased according to the increase of discharge, and showed a sharp lower peak. On the other hand, the concentrations of NO3− and K+ indicated an opposite change. The amount of output of anions and cations was also larger than those of the input, especially in a storm event. During a storm event, the NO3− concentrations in soil water 20 cm deep taken by a tension lysimeter were not detected, even though the surface soil of 0-5 cm deep included 20 to 50 mg/kg of NO3−. The direct contribution for NO3− concentrations by suspended solids in water was estimated through three percentages of the stream water output. Surface runoff was also not observed. These results suggest that the prompt subsurface runoff of the direct runoff from surface layer of soil may be predominant during rainfall in the forested area, and the increase of NO3− concentrations in the stream may be caused through the process.

Probability density analyses of guest ions in hollandite Ax Mg x/2Ti8 − x/2O16 (A = K, Rb)

2007 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi Michiue
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density ◽  
Atomic Displacement ◽  
Structure Model ◽  
Ionic Conductors ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Conventional Structure ◽  
Atomic Displacement Parameters ◽  
Process Energy ◽  
Mobile Ions

Probability density functions (PDFs) of mobile ions in one-dimensional ionic conductors of hollandite A x Mg x/2Ti8 − x/2O16 (A = K, Rb) were examined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. A conventional structure model was modified by imposing an additional constraint condition, which is based on microscopic description for the possible displacement of mobile ions adjacent to a vacancy in the tunnel. Joint PDFs and one-particle potentials for mobile ions were obtained from the structure models applying harmonic and anharmonic atomic displacement parameters (ADPs). Potential curves of the ion hopping between neighboring cavities were calculated from the joint PDF of the specific ions of the process. Energy barriers of the ion hopping were estimated at 52–60 meV from anharmonic ADP models of K-hollandite, while the values varied from 140 to 250 meV for Rb-hollandite.

scholarly journals Molar Heat Capacity of AgI: Evaluation of the Cationic and Anionic Contributions from Thermoelectric Power Data

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 682-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Schiraldi ◽  
Primo Baldini
Keyword(s):  
Thermoelectric Power ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Iodide Ions ◽  
Heat Of Transport ◽  
Power Change ◽  
Mobile Ions ◽  
Bcc Phase ◽  
Molten Electrolytes ◽  
Heat Data

Thermoelectric power data provide a useful tool for the evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of ionic species of both solid and molten electrolytes in equilibrium with electrodes of thermocells; however a previous evaluation of the heat of transport of the mobile ions is necessary.This is the case of AgI. whose standard modifications have been investigated with silver electrode thermocells some years ago. The interpretation of the thermoelectric power change at the melting point allows one to recognize that the heat of transport of the silver ions in the high conductivity bcc modification is practically the same as in molten Agl. This result has been used to evaluate the molar heat of the silver ions in the bcc phase from the corresponding thermoelectric power data reported in the literature.The analysis of the thermoelectric power change at the transition point, from the wurtzitic to the bcc phase, as well as a more speculative interpretation of thermoelectric power data obtained with iodine electrode thermocells, allows one to evaluate the molar heat of the iodide ions in the bcc modification of AgI.The summation of the ionic contributions so computed reproduces rather satisfactorily the trend of AgI molar heat data obtained with adiabatic calorimetry.

Ultraviolet Absorption of Refractory Elements by a Dual Laser Plasma Method

1988 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 243-246
Author(s):  
J.T. Costello ◽  
W.G. Lynam ◽  
P.K. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
Laser Plasma ◽  
Optical Pulse ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Neutral Species ◽  
Plasma Method ◽  
Plasma Technique ◽  
Refractory Elements ◽  
Delay Times ◽  
Dual Laser

AbstractThe dual laser-produced plasma technique for the study of ionic absorption spectra has been developed by the use of two Q-switched ruby lasers to enable independent generation of the absorbing and back-lighting plasmas. Optical pulse handling is used in the coupling cicuits to enable reproducible pulse delays from 250 nsec. to 10 msec, to be achieved. At delay times > 700 nsec. spectra of essentially pure neutral species are observed. The technique is valuable, not only for obtaining the neutral spectra of highly refractory and/or corrosive materials but also for studying behaviour of ionic species as a function of time. Typical spectra are shown in Fig. 1.

Effects of Electrical Discharges in Low Pressure Gases on the Morphology of Polyethylene Crystals

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 544-545
Author(s):  
L.H. Bolz ◽  
D.H. Reneker
Keyword(s):  
Power Distribution ◽  
Electrical Discharge ◽  
Dielectric Breakdown ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Polymer Surfaces ◽  
Electrical Discharges ◽  
Adhesive Bonds ◽  
Power Distribution Lines ◽  
Modification Of The Surface

The attack, on the surface of a polymer, by the atomic, molecular and ionic species that are created in a low pressure electrical discharge in a gas is interesting because: 1) significant interior morphological features may be revealed, 2) dielectric breakdown of polymeric insulation on high voltage power distribution lines involves the attack on the polymer of such species created in a corona discharge, 3) adhesive bonds formed between polymer surfaces subjected to such SDecies are much stronger than bonds between untreated surfaces, 4) the chemical modification of the surface creates a reactive surface to which a thin layer of another polymer may be bonded by glow discharge polymerization.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document