Analysis of the Cutting Abilities of the Multilayer Grinding Wheels—Case of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Grinding

This paper presents an effectiveness analysis of the grinding process with the use of a new multi-layer abrasive tool. The designed abrasive tool consists of external layers with a conventional structure, whose task is to decrease the grinding wheel load and ensure high grinding volumetric efficiency. The inner layer of the grinding wheel contains a 30% addition of abrasive aggregates. The task of the inner layer is to provide lower roughness of the machined surface. The aim of the research presented in this paper was to evaluate the topography of the designed abrasive tool and to analyze the middle layer properties influencing the machined surface roughness. The differentiation of the active surface features of the abrasive tool was determined for the conventional layer and the layer with the addition of abrasive aggregates. The machining potential of the layers was also determined using the Shos parameter. The surface topography of Ti-6Al-4V alloys ground with the use of a multi-layer wheel and a conventional grinding wheel was analyzed. With the application of the bootstrap hypothesis, the set of roughness parameters differentiating the topography of ground surfaces was determined.

Study and Optimization of Field Limiting Rings for 10kV SiC Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor

A 10kV-level silicon carbide (SiC) insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) with field limiting rings (FLRs) is designed and simulated with Sentaurus TCAD, the detailed optimization method and comparisons are presented in this paper. Linearly varying spacing between rings is introduced to SiC IGBT and adjustment is performed on width of rings, the final structure achieves a breakdown voltage over 12kV with a termination length of 164.5 µm , which is 69.93% lower than that of conventional structure with a fixed ring spacing. Moreover, the final design can decrease the sensitivity to the interface charges, the tolerance to positive surface charges exceeds 8 × 10 11 cm − 2 , which is 3.5 times that of the conventional structure. Besides, double pulse measurements prove no degradation of conduction and switching characteristics.

Plasmon-induced transparency sensor for detection of minuscule refractive index changes in ultra-low index materials

Detection of low-index materials such as aerogels and also detection of refractive index variations in these materials is still a challenging task. Here, a high figure of merit (FOM) sensor based on plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) is proposed for the detection of aerogel refractive index changes. In the proposed PIT sensor, the transparency window in an opaque region arises from the coupling between surface plasmon polariton (SPP) mode and planar waveguide mode. By comprising sub-wavelength grating (SWG) in the planar waveguide region, the maximum of the electric field of waveguide occurs in a low index media. This facilitates detection of the aerogels when they are used as the low index material (sensing material). Application of the subwavelength grating waveguide also improves the sensitivity of the sensor by a factor of six compared to a conventional structure with a homogenous waveguide. The proposed structure has a quality factor of Q ≥ 1800, and a reflection of 86%, and can detect the refractive index changes as low as Δn = 0.002 (around n = 1.0). The lineshape, Q-factor, and resonant wavelength of the transparency spectrum can be controlled by tailoring the structural parameters. Our work also has potential application in switching, filtering, and spectral shaping.

Comparative Study of Seismic Behaviour of Diagrid Structure with Conventional Structure

Diagrid framework has arisen as an inventive underlying framework with a stylish view in the plan of tall structures. In this investigation, seismic execution of 15-story diagrid structures with fluctuating points are assessed utilizing reaction range examination Further more in request to assess the impact of diagrid center on conduct of designs. Actually diagrid essential system is gotten in tall constructions on account of its basic usefulness and versatility in plan organizing. Stood out from solidly scattered vertical areas in illustrated chamber, diagrid structure includes skewed sections outwardly surface of building. Because of slanted sections horizontal burdens are opposed by hub activity of the askew contrasted with twisting of vertical segments in customary construction. Plan and development of counterfeit foundation on the lines of biomicking standards require the improvement of exceptionally advance primary framework which has the characteristics of style articulation, underlying effectiveness and above all mathematical adaptability. Diagrid the most recent change of cylindrical constructions, have an ideal mix of the above characteristics. In this paper, the peculiarities of the diagrid its essential lead under stacking and the arrangement and advancement of diagrid centers are portray A context oriented examination of some new diagrid tall constructions, to be explicit the Swiss Re in London, the hearst tower in New York, and the west Guangzhou Tower in china is moreover presented.

Routing Density Analysis of Area-Efficient Ring Oscillator Physically Unclonable Functions

The research into ring oscillator physically unclonable functions (RO-PUF) continues to expand due to its simple structure, ease of generating responses, and its promises of primitive security. However, a substantial study has yet to be carried out in developing designs of the FPGA-based RO-PUF, which effectively balances performance and area efficiency. This work proposes a modified RO-PUF where the ring oscillators are connected directly to the counters. The proposed RO-PUF requires fewer RO than the conventional structure since this work utilizes the direct pulse count method. This work aims to seek the ideal routing density of ROs to improve uniqueness. For this purpose, five logic arrangements of a wide range of routing densities of ROs were tested. Upon implementation onto the FPGA chip, the routing density of ROs are varied significantly in terms of wire utilization (higher than 25%) and routing hotspots (higher than 80%). The best uniqueness attained was 52.71%, while the highest reliability was 99.51%. This study improves the uniqueness by 2% subsequent to the application of scenarios to consider ROs with a narrow range of routing density. The best range of wire utilization and routing hotspots of individual RO in this work is 3–5% and 20–50%, respectively. The performance metrics (uniqueness and reliability) of the proposed RO-PUF are much better than existing works using a similar FPGA platform (Altera), and it is as good as the recent RO-PUFs realized on Xilinx. Additionally, this work estimates the minimum runtimes to reduce error and response bit-flip of RO-PUF.

Methodology for a Process Approach to Cost Management at Manufacturing Enterprises

Aim. The author aims to develop an original methodology for a process approach to cost management at manufacturing enterprises. Its core idea is the possibility of increasing overall enterprise efficiency and reducing costs by using internal reserves identified as a result of business process optimization.Tasks. According to the author, a process approach to cost management is future-oriented and has not yet been properly developed — hence the goals of developing and improving the theoretical and methodological foundations of its implementation.Methods. The methodology for a process approach to cost management is based on the most effective (from the author’s perspective) elements of such methods as “ABC-costing”, “Value chain concept”, “Cost-drivers”, “Target-costing”, “Kaizen-costing” with the author’s additions.Results. The author’s methodology for a process approach to cost management with regard to manufacturing enterprises is presented in the form of a structural and logical scheme. Its elements allow the reader to understand which methods, means, principles, and techniques can be used for its introduction and implementation. The fundamental basis of the methodology for a process approach to cost management is the author’s vision and definitions of the “object” and “subject” of cost management. The conventional structure of the representation of elements in the methodology is supplemented by the following units: “The form of implementation and organization of a process approach to cost management” and “Periods”.Conclusions. A process approach to cost management combines several of the most effective methods of cost management and accounting, making it possible to bring the level of expenses of an enterprise down to a competitive level using the internal reserves of the enterprise.

Dual Band Thin Film Infrared Detector Design and Performance Improvement using Plasmonic Nanostructure

A new dual band thin film metal-semiconductor-metal infrared photodetector base on InGaAs for wavelength of 1.1–1.7 µm and InSb for wavelength of 3–5 µm is proposed and investigated numerically. One major problem of thin film photodetectors is low quantum efficiency that originates from low optical absorption. The quantum efficiency of proposed structure is improved by locating the array of optimized aluminum nanostructure (Al-NS) between the InGaAs and InSb layers. Using optimized Al-NS between the stack of InGaAs and InSb (InSb/Al-NS/InGaAs) results in plasmon excitation inside the photosensitive layers and so, higher photocarrier generation. Moreover, locating zinc oxide nanorode as an antireflection coating on top of detector reduces the incident light reflection in both spectrum of 1.1–1.7 µm and 3–5 µm. The finite different time domain method is used to investigated the optical properties of proposed structure and optimize the structure. According to the simulation results, designed structure gives rise to 108.1%, 110% and 320% light absorption enhancement at wavelength of 1.33 µm, 1.55 µm and 4 µm, respectively compared to reference conventional structure.

Structure-sensitive testimonial norms

Although there has been a lot of investigation into the influence of the network structure of scientific communities on the one hand and into testimonial norms (TNs) on the other, a discussion of TNs that take the network structure into account has been lacking. In this paper, I introduce two TNs which are sensitive to the local network structure. According to these norms, scientists should give less weight to the results of well-connected colleagues, as compared to less connected ones. I employ an Agent Based Model to test the reliability of the two novel TNs against different versions of conventional, structure-insensitive TNs in networks of varying size and structure. The results of the simulations show that the novel TNs are more reliable. This suggests that it would be beneficial for scientific communities if their members followed such norms. For individual scientists, I show that there are both reasons for and reasons against adopting them.

A Survey on the Application of WirelessHART for Industrial Process Monitoring and Control

Industrialization has led to a huge demand for a network control system to monitor and control multi-loop processes with high effectiveness. Due to these advancements, new industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) standards such as ZigBee, WirelessHART, ISA 100.11a wireless, and Wireless network for Industrial Automation-Process Automation (WIA-PA) have begun to emerge based on their wired conventional structure with additional developments. This advancement improved flexibility, scalability, needed fewer cables, reduced the network installation and commissioning time, increased productivity, and reduced maintenance costs compared to wired networks. On the other hand, using IWSNs for process control comes with the critical challenge of handling stochastic network delays, packet drop, and external noises which are capable of degrading the controller performance. Thus, this paper presents a detailed study focusing only on the adoption of WirelessHART in simulations and real-time applications for industrial process monitoring and control with its crucial challenges and design requirements.

Development of a Rotary Ultrasonic Motor with Double-Sided Staggered Teeth

Based on the conventional structure of traveling wave ultrasonic motor, a rotary ultrasonic motor with double-sided staggered teeth was proposed. Both sides of the stator could be used to actuate the rotors to rotate and output torque. Moreover, the staggered teeth in the stator could be dedicated to accommodating the piezoelectric ceramic chips. Under the excitation of two alternating voltages with a 90° phase difference, a traveling wave could be generated in the ring-like stator. Then, a rotary motion could be realized by means of the friction between the rotors and the driving teeth of the stator. The finite element method was adopted to analyze the motion trajectories of the driving tips. Moreover, the experimental results showed that the load-free maximum speed and maximum output torque of the prototype were 99 rpm and 0.19 N·m at a voltage of 150 Vp with a frequency of 28.25 kHz.