During the early stages of heart development, there are two main foci of cell death: outflow tract (OT) and atrioventricular (AV) endocardial cushions. These tissues contribute to the septa and valves of the mature heart and receive cell populations from neural crest (NC) cell migration and epicardial cell invasion. We examined embryonic chick hearts for expression, in the cushions, of bcl-2 family members, caspase-9, and the caspase substrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Antiapoptotic bcl-2 is expressed heavily in the OT and AV regions throughout embryonic days (ED) 4–7, with a decrease in levels at ED 4 and 5 in OT and AV cushions, respectively. Proapoptotic bax predominantly associated with the prongs of the NC-derived aorticopulmonary (AP) septum but was expressed throughout the AV cushions. Proapoptotic bak also associated with the prongs of the AP septum in the OT, while protein levels were upregulated at ED 4–5 and 4–6 in OT and AV cushions, respectively. Bid expression showed a similar time course. We found the 10-kDa cleavage fragment of active caspase-9 at ED 4–8 and 5–8 in OT and AV cushions, respectively, and the 24-kDa cleavage fragment of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase throughout ED 3–8 and 7–8 in OT and AV cushions, respectively. Caspase-3 cleavage occurred throughout the time period examined. Using cushion cell cultures, we found that inhibitors of caspases-3 and -9 and a universal caspase inhibitor significantly reduced apoptosis, as did retroviral overexpression of bcl-2 using an RCAS expression vector. Premigratory NC cells were fluorescently labeled in vivo with 1,1-didodecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine. Subsequent nuclear staining of cushion cells with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole revealed the presence of apoptotic nuclei in the NC cells in the OT cushions and in the prongs of the AP septum. These results demonstrate a developmentally regulated role for the bcl-2 and the caspase families of molecules in the endocardial cushions of the developing heart and lend support to the possibility that some of the dying cells in the cushions are derived from the NC.
Role for poliovirus protease 2A in cap independent translation.
