In vitro activities of oxazolidinones U-100592 and U-100766 against penicillin-resistant and cephalosporin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1039-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
E O Mason ◽  
L B Lamberth ◽  
S L Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Middle Ear Fluid ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Two oxazolidinones and ceftriaxone, imipenem, rifampin, and vancomycin were tested against 162 penicillin-intermediate and 68 penicillin-resistant strains of pneumococci. U-100592 is two- to fourfold more active than U-100766 against penicillin-resistant pneumococci. The MICs of U-100592 at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited were 0.25 and 0.5 microgram/ml for penicillin-intermediate and -resistant strains, respectively, and 0.5 microgram/ml for ceftriaxone-susceptible, -intermediate, and -resistant strains. U-100592 MICs for 7 of 230 strains (2 from blood, 3 from middle-ear fluid, and 2 from the upper respiratory tract) were 1 microgram/ml.

Antibiotic Resistance: Relationship to Persistence of Group A Streptococci in the Upper Respiratory Tract

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 971-975
Author(s):  
Michael A. Gerber
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Erythromycin Resistance ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽  
Group A ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Despite the use of penicillin for more than 40 years in treating GABHS infections, there has been no significant change in the in vitro susceptibility of GABHS to penicillin. Reported failures to eradicate GABHS from the upper respiratory tracts of patients with pharyngitis and the apparent resurgence of serious Group A streptococcal infections and their sequelae probably are not related to the emergence of penicillin resistance. Although erythromycin resistance in GABHS had been a major problem in Japan and continues to be a major problem in Finland, it has not been a problem in this country. The susceptibility of GABHS to the newer macrolide antibiotics appears to be similar to that of erythromycin. Comprehensive, community-wide programs to continuously monitor for erythromycin resistance in GABHS would be difficult to justify. However, because little is known about how erythromycin resistance in GABHS is acquired or spread, it would be reasonable to periodically monitor isolates of GABHS for erythromycin resistance. A substantial proportion of GABHS are currently resistant to tetracyclines and these agents are inappropriate for treating GABHS infections. Although little recent information is available about the susceptibility of GABHS to sulfonamides, these agents have been shown to be ineffective in eradicating GABHS from the upper respiratory tract regardless of the in vitro sensitivities. GABHS have not been shown to be resistant to any of the commonly used oral cephalosporins; however, there is a great deal of variability among these agents in their activity against GABHS. Clindamycin resistance in GABHS has remained unusual. This agent is an alternative for treating GABHS infections due to macrolide-resistant strains in patients who cannot be treated with beta-lactam antibiotics. There is no reason, based on the in vitro susceptibilities of GABHS, to change the current recommendations for treating GABHS infections with penicillin and for using erythromycin for patients who are allergic to penicillin.

scholarly journals Demonstration of N , N -Dimethyldithiocarbamate as a Copper-Dependent Antibiotic against Multiple Upper Respiratory Tract Pathogens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay V. Menghani ◽  
Angela Rivera ◽  
Miranda Neubert ◽  
James R. Hagerty ◽  
Lourdes Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Coccidioides Posadasii ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Upper Respiratory

With the rise of antibiotic resistance, approaches that add new antimicrobials to the current repertoire are vital. Here, we investigate putative and known copper ionophores in an attempt to intoxicate bacteria and use ionophore/copper synergy, and we ultimately find success with N , N -dimethyldithiocarbamate (DMDC). We show that DMDC has in vitro efficacy in a copper-dependent manner and kills pathogens across three different kingdoms, Streptococcus pneumoniae ( Sr. pneumoniae ), Coccidioides posadasii , and Schistosoma mansoni , and in vivo efficacy against Sr . pneumoniae .

scholarly journals Microbial Communities of the Upper Respiratory Tract and Otitis Media in Children

mBio ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison S. Laufer ◽  
Joshua P. Metlay ◽  
Janneane F. Gent ◽  
Kristopher P. Fennie ◽  
Yong Kong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Causal Pathway ◽  
Upper Respiratory

ABSTRACTStreptococcus pneumoniaeasymptomatically colonizes the upper respiratory tract of children and is a frequent cause of otitis media. Patterns of microbial colonization likely influenceS. pneumoniaecolonization and otitis media susceptibility. This study compared microbial communities in children with and without otitis media. Nasal swabs and clinical and demographic data were collected in a cross-sectional study of Philadelphia, PA, children (6 to 78 months) (n= 108) during the 2008-2009 winter respiratory virus season. Swabs were cultured forS. pneumoniae. DNA was extracted from the swabs; 16S rRNA gene hypervariable regions (V1 and V2) were PCR amplified and sequenced by Roche/454 Life Sciences pyrosequencing. Microbial communities were described using the Shannon diversity and evenness indices. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to group microbial community taxa into four factors representing correlated taxa. Of 108 children, 47 (44%) were colonized byS. pneumoniae, and 25 (23%) were diagnosed with otitis media. Microbial communities withS. pneumoniaewere significantly less diverse and less even. Two PCA factors were associated with a decreased risk of pneumococcal colonization and otitis media, as follows: one factor included potentially protective flora (CorynebacteriumandDolosigranulum), and the other factor includedPropionibacterium,Lactococcus, andStaphylococcus. The remaining two PCA factors were associated with an increased risk of otitis media. One factor includedHaemophilus, and the final factor includedActinomyces,Rothia,Neisseria, andVeillonella. Generally, these taxa are not considered otitis media pathogens but may be important in the causal pathway. Increased understanding of upper respiratory tract microbial communities will contribute to the development of otitis media treatment and prevention strategies.IMPORTANCEOtitis media (middle ear infection) is the most common reason for pediatric sick visits in the United States.Streptococcus pneumoniaeis a leading otitis media pathogen.S. pneumoniaemust colonize the upper respiratory tract and compete with a complex community of nonpathogenic bacteria before infecting the middle ear. We compared microbial communities in the upper respiratory tract of children who had otitis media and those who did not. Members of the normal flora, i.e.,CorynebacteriumandDolosigranulum, were protective forS. pneumoniaecolonization and otitis media. As expected, the generaHaemophiluswas associated with otitis media. Surprisingly,Actinomyces,Rothia,Neisseria, andVeillonellawere associated with an increased risk of otitis media. These bacteria are not otitis media pathogens but may be associated with antibiotic use or involved in the causal pathway to disease. Increased understanding of upper respiratory tract microbial communities will lead to new ways to prevent middle ear infections, including probiotics.

scholarly journals Toll-Like Receptors: Expression and Roles in Otitis Media

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7868
Author(s):  
Su Young Jung ◽  
Dokyoung Kim ◽  
Dong Choon Park ◽  
Sung Soo Kim ◽  
Tong In Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Otitis media is mainly caused by upper respiratory tract infection and eustachian tube dysfunction. If external upper respiratory tract infection is not detected early in the middle ear, or an appropriate immune response does not occur, otitis media can become a chronic state or complications may occur. Therefore, given the important role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the early response to external antigens, we surveyed the role of TLRs in otitis media. To summarize the role of TLR in otitis media, we reviewed articles on the expression of TLRs in acute otitis media (AOM), otitis media with effusion (OME), chronic otitis media (COM) with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. Many studies showed that TLRs 1–10 are expressed in AOM, OME, COM with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. TLR expression in the normal middle ear mucosa is absent or weak, but is increased in inflammatory fluid of AOM, effusion of OME, and granulation tissue and cholesteatoma of COM. In addition, TLRs show increased or decreased expression depending on the presence or absence of bacteria, recurrence of disease, tissue type, and repeated surgery. In conclusion, expression of TLRs is associated with otitis media. Inappropriate TLR expression, or delayed or absent induction, are associated with the occurrence, recurrence, chronicization, and complications of otitis media. Therefore, TLRs are very important in otitis media and closely related to its etiology.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance of 1,113Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates from Patients with Respiratory Tract Infections in Spain: Results of a 1-Year (1996–1997) Multicenter Surveillance Study

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Baquero ◽  
José Angel García-Rodríguez ◽  
Juan García de Lomas ◽  
Lorenzo Aguilar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Surveillance Study ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Tract Infections

A nationwide susceptibility surveillance of 1,113Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates was carried out and found the following percentages of resistance: cefuroxime, 46%; penicillin, 37%; macrolides, 33%; aminopenicillins, 24%; cefotaxime, 13%; and ceftriaxone, 8%. A significant (P < 0.05) seasonality pattern for β-lactam antibiotics was observed. Resistance to macrolides was higher (P < 0.05) in middle-ear samples. Higher percentages of resistance to cefuroxime and macrolides were observed among penicillin-intermediate and -resistant strains, whereas high frequencies of resistance to aminopenicillins and expanded-spectrum cephalosporins were observed only among penicillin-resistant strains.

scholarly journals Kinetics of BoHV-1 Dissemination in an in Vitro Culture of Bovine Upper Respiratory Tract Mucosa Explants

ILAR Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. E43-E54 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Steukers ◽  
A. P. Vandekerckhove ◽  
W. Van den Broeck ◽  
S. Glorieux ◽  
H. J. Nauwynck
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Kinetics Of

scholarly journals Isolation of an obligately anaerobic Streptococcus pneumoniae from blood culture

1977 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-182
Author(s):  
j a Yatabe ◽  
K L baldwin ◽  
W J Martin
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Obligately Anaerobic ◽  
Upper Respiratory

An obligately anaerobic strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from blood culture in a 14-month-old child with an upper respiratory tract infection.

scholarly journals Upper respiratory tract colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriano Arguedas ◽  
Krzysztof Trzciński ◽  
Katherine L. O’Brien ◽  
Daniela M. Ferreira ◽  
Anne L. Wyllie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Respiratory Tract Colonization
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