scholarly journals Comparative activities of clarithromycin, erythromycin, and azithromycin against penicillin-susceptible and penicillin-resistant pneumococci.

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1950-1952 ◽  
Author(s):  
L M Ednie ◽  
M A Visalli ◽  
M R Jacobs ◽  
P C Appelbaum
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Resistant Strains

Activities of clarithromycin, erythromycin, and azithromycin against 120 pneumococci from the United States were tested by agar dilution MIC. All three compounds yielded MICs at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited (MIC90S) of < or = 0.125 micrograms/ml against penicillin-susceptible and -intermediate strains, but MIC90S against resistant strains were > 128.0 micrograms/ml. All erythromycin-resistant strains were also resistant to clarithromycin and azithromycin. Clarithromycin yielded MICs which were generally one or two dilutions lower than those of the other two compounds for all strains. The respective bacteriostatic and bactericidal values (micrograms per milliliter) for two susceptible, two intermediate, and two resistant strains were 0.004 to 0.03 and 0.016 to 0.03 (0.004 to 0.03/0.016 to 0.03) (clarithromycin), 0.008 to 0.06/0.016/0.016 to 0.125 (erythromycin), and 0.016 to 0.06/0.03 to 0.125 (azithromycin); clarithromycin yielded the lowest values. All compounds were uniformly bactericidal after 24 h only; erythromycin was bactericidal at eight times the MIC, and azithromycin and clarithromycin were both bactericidal at two time the MIC. The relevance of these in vitro differences requires clarification by clinical trials.

scholarly journals MIC and time-kill studies of antipneumococcal activity of GV 118819X (sanfetrinem) compared with those of other agents.

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
S K Spangler ◽  
M R Jacobs ◽  
P C Appelbaum
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Broth Microdilution ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Beta Lactams ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanate ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Time Kill

Agar dilution MIC methodology was used to test the activities of GV 118819X (sanfetrinem), ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefpodoxime, loracarbef, levofloxacin, clarithromycin, ceftriaxone, imipenem, and vancomycin against 53 penicillin-susceptible, 84 penicillin-intermediate and 74 penicillin-resistant pneumococci isolated in the United States. GV 118819X was the most active oral beta-lactam, with MIC at which 50% of the isolates were inhibited (MIC50)/MIC90 values of 0.008/0.03, 0.06/0.5, and 0.5/1.0 micrograms/ml against penicillin-susceptible, -intermediate, and -resistant stains, respectively. Amoxicillin and amoxicillin in the presence of clavulanate (2:1) were the second most-active oral beta-lactams, followed by ampicillin and cefpodoxime; loracarbef was not active against penicillin-intermediate and -resistant strains. Clarithromycin was most active against penicillin-susceptible strains but was less active against intermediate and resistant stains. All pneumococcal stains were inhibited by ceftriaxone and imipenem at MICs of < or = 4.0 and < or = 1.0 micrograms/ml, respectively. The activities of levofloxacin and vancomycin were unaffected by penicillin susceptibility. Time-kill studies of three penicillin-susceptible, three penicillin-intermediate, and three penicillin-resistant pneumococci showed that all compounds, at the broth microdilution MIC, yielded 99.9% killing of all strains after 24 h. Kinetic patterns of all oral beta-lactams, ceftriaxone, and vancomycin were similar relative to the MIC, with 90% killing of all strains first observed after 12 h. However, killing by amoxicillin-clavulanate, imipenem, and levofloxacin was slightly faster and that by clarithromycin was slower than that by the above-described drugs. At 2 x the MIC, more strains were killed earlier than was the case at the MIC, but the pattern seen at the MIC prevailed. When MICs and kill kinetics were combined, sanfetrinem was the most active oral antipneumococcal agent in this study.

scholarly journals JNJ-Q2, a New Fluoroquinolone with PotentIn VitroActivity against Staphylococcus aureus, Including Methicillin- and Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Strains

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 3631-3634 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Farrell ◽  
Lisa C. Liverman ◽  
Douglas J. Biedenbach ◽  
Ronald N. Jones
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Skin Structure ◽  
Resistant Strains

ABSTRACTJNJ-Q2 is a broad-spectrum bactericidal fluoroquinolone with potent activity against Gram-positive and -negative pathogens. In this study, thein vitroactivity of JNJ-Q2 was evaluated against 511 selectedStaphylococcus aureussamples isolated in 2008-2009 from patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections in the United States by using reference methodology. JNJ-Q2 was the most potent fluoroquinolone tested overall (MIC50and MIC90, 0.12 and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively) and against methicillin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant subgroups in direct comparisons to moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin (each being ≥16-fold less potent than JNJ-Q2).

scholarly journals Antifungal Susceptibility Survey of 2,000 Bloodstream Candida Isolates in the United States

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 3149-3154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner ◽  
John H. Rex ◽  
Peter G. Pappas ◽  
Richard J. Hamill ◽  
Robert A. Larsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Multicenter Clinical Trials ◽  
Glucose Supplementation

ABSTRACT Candida bloodstream isolates (n = 2,000) from two multicenter clinical trials carried out by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group between 1995 and 1999 were tested against amphotericin B (AMB), flucytosine (5FC), fluconazole (FLU), itraconazole (ITR), voriconazole (VOR), posaconazole (POS), caspofungin (CFG), micafungin (MFG), and anidulafungin (AFG) using the NCCLS M27-A2 microdilution method. All drugs were tested in the NCCLS-specified RPMI 1640 medium except for AMB, which was tested in antibiotic medium 3. A sample of isolates was also tested in RPMI 1640 supplemented to 2% glucose and by using the diluent polyethylene glycol (PEG) in lieu of dimethyl sulfoxide for those drugs insoluble in water. Glucose supplementation tended to elevate the MIC, whereas using PEG tended to decrease the MIC. Trailing growth occurred frequently with azoles. Isolates were generally susceptible to AMB, 5FC, and FLU. Rates of resistance to ITR approached 20%. Although no established interpretative breakpoints are available for the candins (CFG, MFG, and AFG) and the new azoles (VOR and POS), they all exhibited excellent antifungal activity, even for those strains resistant to the other aforementioned agents.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy: Let the Science Decide

2021 ◽  
pp. 345
Author(s):  
Sabrina Glavota
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Mitochondrial Diseases ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy

Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) is an in vitro fertilization technique designed to prevent women who are carriers of mitochondrial diseases from passing on these heritable genetic diseases to their children. It is an innovative assisted reproductive technology that is only legal in a small number of countries. The United States has essentially stagnated all opportunities for research and clinical trials on MRT through a rider in H.R.2029 – Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016. The rider bans clinical trials on all therapies in which a human embryo is intentionally altered to include a heritable genetic modification. This note argues that the rider should be amended to permit therapies such as MRT, which do not create artificial DNA sequences, while continuing to prohibit clinical trials on germline therapies that modify the sequence of a gene. MRT is distinct from the types of therapies that Congress intended to ban through the rider. Amending the rider would not automatically approve MRT trials, but rather allow the FDA to evaluate investigational new drug applications and determine whether individual trials may proceed. Without proper FDA oversight, carriers of mitochondrial diseases are denied access to a therapy that provides them with benefits they cannot enjoy by any other means, and researchers may look abroad to conduct the therapy illegally or dangerously. Further, the United States can look to other countries such as the United Kingdom as a model for how to proceed with research and trials on MRT in an ethical manner.

scholarly journals Curcumin-Containing Turmeric Dietary Supplement Clinical Trials: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 357-357
Author(s):  
Timothy Panknin ◽  
Bhanu Bucchireddigari ◽  
Carol Howe ◽  
Megan Hauer ◽  
Anthony Rossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
The United States ◽  
Disease State ◽  
Design Quality ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism

Abstract Objectives Curcumin-containing, turmeric dietary supplements (CCDS) are one of the top selling botanicals in the United States. Medicinal turmeric has also been used for millennia in Ayurvedic medicine. However, questions about poor curcumin bioavailability and false readouts in some in vitro studies have led some researchers to question whether CCDS have medicinal effects in humans. A scoping review of the literature was therefore undertaken to identify clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of oral CCDS. Methods Using a defined search strategy, eight databases were searched (thru 5/29/2019), identifying 4,767 potential publications for inclusion, from which 315 remained after screening by three independent reviewers. These 315 were categorized by disease state and/or body system, following which data regarding study populations, design, and outcomes were extracted and analyzed. Results The most commonly studied diseases in our identified CCDS trials were disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism (n = 69), including type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 22); musculoskeletal disorders (n = 50), of which osteoarthritis was the most studied (n = 23); and gastrointestinal disorders (n = 50), including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (n = 16). The majority of clinical trials, which varied in design quality, reported significant effects of CCDS on various objective (e.g., decreased cholesterol levels, increased adiponectin, improved glucose control) and/or subjective (e.g., reduced pain, improved quality of life in various populations) endpoints. While clinical outcomes varied with disease state, anti-inflammatory effects were a common clinical endpoint for which statistically significant effects were reported. Conclusions Definitive conclusions on the clinical utility of CCDS for disease treatment are limited due to variable study methodology and quality, and lack of product uniformity. Despite these limitations, we found consistent indications among reviewed trials that CCDS are associated with beneficial outcomes (i.e., reduced inflammation, improved lipid profiles). Given the popularity of CCDS use in the United States, further large, well-designed human clinical trials exploring the benefits and safety of CCDS may be merited. Funding Sources National Cancer Institute (NCI) NIH/NCI R01-CA174926.

scholarly journals In Vitro Activities of Lefamulin and Other Antimicrobial Agents against Macrolide-Susceptible and Macrolide-Resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae from the United States, Europe, and China

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken B. Waites ◽  
Donna M. Crabb ◽  
Lynn B. Duffy ◽  
Jorgen S. Jensen ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Resistant Strains

ABSTRACT Lefamulin, an investigational pleuromutilin, was tested against a collection of 18 macrolide-susceptible and 42 macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae strains, and the results were compared with those of azithromycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, doxycycline, and moxifloxacin testing. Lefamulin was highly active against all strains tested, with all MICs at ≤0.008 μg/ml. The lefamulin MIC90 (0.002 μg/ml) for macrolide-resistant strains was the lowest among all drugs tested. Minimum bactericidal concentrations were within 2 dilutions of the MIC values, indicating a bactericidal effect.

Correlative microscopy in distrubuted (client/server) computing environments: tools for catalyzing the rapid dissemination of information about the cell biology of the human prostate

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 682-683
Author(s):  
A. Hakam ◽  
J.T. Gau ◽  
M.L. Grove ◽  
B.A. Evans ◽  
M. Shuman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Tissue Bank ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prostate Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Correlative Microscopy ◽  
Client Server ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Transplant Organ

Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of men in the United States and is the third leading cause of death in men. Despite attempts at early detection, there will be 244,000 new cases and 44,000 deaths from the disease in the United States in 1995. Therapeutic progress against this disease is hindered by an incomplete understanding of prostate epithelial cell biology, the availability of human tissues for in vitro experimentation, slow dissemination of information between prostate cancer research teams and the increasing pressure to “ stretch” research dollars at the same time staff reductions are occurring.To meet these challenges, we have used the correlative microscopy (CM) and client/server (C/S) computing to increase productivity while decreasing costs. Critical elements of our program are as follows:1) Establishing the Western Pennsylvania Genitourinary (GU) Tissue Bank which includes >100 prostates from patients with prostate adenocarcinoma as well as >20 normal prostates from transplant organ donors.

Working With Interpreters to Support Students Who Are English Language Learners

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (16) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henriette W. Langdon ◽  
Terry Irvine Saenz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
English Language Learners ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
English Language ◽  
First Language ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Language ◽  
Second Best ◽  
Support Students

The number of English Language Learners (ELL) is increasing in all regions of the United States. Although the majority (71%) speak Spanish as their first language, the other 29% may speak one of as many as 100 or more different languages. In spite of an increasing number of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who can provide bilingual services, the likelihood of a match between a given student's primary language and an SLP's is rather minimal. The second best option is to work with a trained language interpreter in the student's language. However, very frequently, this interpreter may be bilingual but not trained to do the job.

Armed Violence in the Ideology of Contemporary Islamic Fundamentalism - Study models

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Laith Mzahim Khudair Kazem
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Islamic Fundamentalism ◽  
Islamic Movements ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Armed Violence ◽  
Goals And Objectives ◽  
At Home

The armed violence of many radical Islamic movements is one of the most important means to achieve the goals and objectives of these movements. These movements have legitimized and legitimized these violent practices and constructed justification ideologies in order to justify their use for them both at home against governments or against the other Religiously, intellectually and even culturally, or abroad against countries that call them the term "unbelievers", especially the United States of America.

Developing a Clinical Trials Infrastructure in the United States

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Eisenberg ◽  
◽  
Petra Kaufmann ◽  
Ellen Sigal ◽  
Janet Woodcock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
The United States
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