scholarly journals Evaluation of Liquid- and Fog-Based Application of Sterilox Hypochlorous Acid Solution for Surface Inactivation of Human Norovirus

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (14) ◽  
pp. 4463-4468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geun Woo Park ◽  
Deyanna M. Boston ◽  
Julie A. Kase ◽  
Mark N. Sampson ◽  
Mark D. Sobsey
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Confined Space ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Control Virus ◽  
Potential Damage

ABSTRACT Noroviruses (NVs) are the most frequent cause of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in common settings, with surface-mediated transfer via contact with fecally contaminated surfaces implicated in exposure. NVs are environmentally stable and persistent and have a low infectious dose. Several disinfectants have been evaluated for efficacy to control viruses on surfaces, but the toxicity and potential damage to treated materials limits their applicability. Sterilox hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solution (HAS) has shown broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity while being suitable for general use. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of HAS to reduce NV both in aqueous suspensions and on inanimate carriers. HOCl was further tested as a fog to decontaminate large spaces. HOCl effectiveness was evaluated using nonculturable human NV measured by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and two surrogate viruses, coliphage MS2 and murine NV, that were detected by both infectivity and RT-PCR. Exposing virus-contaminated carriers of ceramic tile (porous) and stainless steel (nonporous) to 20 to 200 ppm of HOCl solution resulted in ≥99.9% (≥3 log10) reductions of both infectivity and RNA titers of tested viruses within 10 min of exposure time. HOCl fogged in a confined space reduced the infectivity and RNA titers of NV, murine NV, and MS2 on these carriers by at least 99.9% (3 log10), regardless of carrier location and orientation. We conclude that HOCl solution as a liquid or fog is likely to be effective in disinfecting common settings to reduce NV exposures and thereby control virus spread via fomites.

Tenacity of Human Norovirus and the Surrogates Feline Calicivirus and Murine Norovirus during Long-Term Storage on Common Nonporous Food Contact Surfaces

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 224-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
SASCHA MORMANN ◽  
CATHRIN HEIßENBERG ◽  
JENS PFANNEBECKER ◽  
BARBARA BECKER
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Food Contact Surfaces ◽  
Contact Surfaces

The transfer of human norovirus (hNV) to food via contaminated surfaces is highly probable during food production, processing, and preparation. In this study, the tenacity of hNV and its cultivable surrogates feline calicivirus (FCV) and murine norovirus (MNV) on two common nonporous surface materials at two storage temperatures was directly compared. Virus titer reduction on artificially inoculated stainless steel and plastic carriers was monitored for 70 days at room temperature and at 7°C. Viruses were recovered at various time points by elution. Genomes from intact capsids (hNV, FCV, and MNV) were quantified with real-time reverse transcription (RT) PCR, and infectivity (FCV and MNV) was assessed with plaque assay. RNase treatment before RNA extraction was used to eliminate exposed RNA and to assess capsid integrity. No significant differences in titer reduction were found between materials (stainless steel or plastic) with the plaque assay or the real-time quantitative RT-PCR. At room temperature, infectious FCV and MNV were detected for 7 days. Titers of intact hNV, FCV, and MNV capsids dropped gradually and were still detectable after 70 days with a loss of 3 to 4 log units. At 7°C, the viruses were considerably more stable than they were at room temperature. Although only MNV infectivity was unchanged after 70 days, the numbers of intact capsids (hNV, FCV, and MNV) were stable with less than a 1-log reduction. The results indicate that hNV persists on food contact surfaces and seems to remain infective for weeks. MNV appears to be more stable than FCV at 7°C, and thus is the most suitable surrogate for hNV under dry conditions. Although a perfect quantitative correlation between intact capsids and infective particles was not obtained, real-time quantitative RT-PCR provided qualitative data about hNV inactivation characteristics. The results of this comparative study might support future efforts in assessment of foodborne virus risk and food safety.

scholarly journals Development and application of a real-time RT-PCR assay to rapidly detect H2 subtype avian influenza A viruses

2021 ◽  
pp. 104063872199481
Author(s):  
Yixin Xiao ◽  
Fan Yang ◽  
Fumin Liu ◽  
Hangping Yao ◽  
Nanping Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Minor Groove Binder ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Taqman Minor Groove Binder

The H2 subtypes of avian influenza A viruses (avian IAVs) have been circulating in poultry, and they have the potential to infect humans. Therefore, establishing a method to quickly detect this subtype is pivotal. We developed a TaqMan minor groove binder real-time RT-PCR assay that involved probes and primers based on conserved sequences of the matrix and hemagglutinin genes. The detection limit of this assay was as low as one 50% egg infectious dose (EID50)/mL per reaction. This assay is specific, sensitive, and rapid for detecting avian IAV H2 subtypes.

A one-step multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay for rapid and simultaneous detection of human norovirus genogroup I, II and IV

2013 ◽  
Vol 189 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Yan ◽  
Heng-hui Wang ◽  
Lei Gao ◽  
Ji-mei Ji ◽  
Zhi-jie Ge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
One Step

Antimicrobial activity of free and liposome-encapsulated thymol and carvacrol against Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus adhered to stainless steel

2017 ◽  
Vol 252 ◽  
pp. 18-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Both Engel ◽  
Caroline Heckler ◽  
Eduardo Cesar Tondo ◽  
Daniel Joner Daroit ◽  
Patrícia da Silva Malheiros
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

scholarly journals Inactivation of Vegetative Cells, but Not Spores, of Bacillus anthracis, B. cereus, and B. subtilis on Stainless Steel Surfaces Coated with an Antimicrobial Silver- and Zinc-Containing Zeolite Formulation

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 4329-4331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belinda Galeano ◽  
Emily Korff ◽  
Wayne L. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Bacillus Anthracis ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Steel Surfaces ◽  
Zeolite Coating

ABSTRACT Stainless steel surfaces coated with paints containing a silver- and zinc-containing zeolite (AgION antimicrobial) were assayed in comparison to uncoated stainless steel for antimicrobial activity against vegetative cells and spores of three Bacillus species, namely, B. anthracis Sterne, B. cereus T, and B. subtilis 168. Under the test conditions (25°C and 80% relative humidity), the zeolite coating produced approximately 3 log10 inactivation of vegetative cells within a 5- to 24-h period, but viability of spores of the three species was not significantly affected.

Carvacrol encapsulation into nanostructures: Characterization and antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens adhered to stainless steel

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 ◽  
pp. 109143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabíola Ayres Cacciatore ◽  
Michelle Dalmás ◽  
Caroline Maders ◽  
Henrique Ataíde Isaía ◽  
Adriano Brandelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens

scholarly journals Real-Time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of Newcastle Disease Virus Using Light upon Extension Fluorogenic Primers

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márta Antal ◽  
Tibor Farkas ◽  
Péter Germán ◽  
Sándor Belák ◽  
István Kiss
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Plasmid Copy Number ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Plasmid Copy ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Efficient Detection

A real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR assay, applying light upon extension (LUX) fluorogenic primers, was developed for rapid and efficient detection of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The method, which targets the fusion (F) protein gene of the viral genome, gave positive signal with all NDV isolates tested (32/32), while negative results were obtained with heterologous pathogens (35/35), including 13 avian influenza virus isolates. The detection limit of the assay was approximately 10+1.2 egg infectious dose (EID)50/0.2 ml and 10+2.2 EID50/0.2 ml for virus suspensions and spiked chicken fecal samples, respectively. As expressed in plasmid copy number, the procedure has a sensitivity of approximately 20 copies of the plasmid harboring the target gene. Due to its high specificity, sensitivity, and relative simplicity, the LUX RT-PCR assay provides a novel, rapid, and practical tool for the detection of NDV.

scholarly journals Inactivation Kinetics and Mechanism of a Human Norovirus Surrogate on Stainless Steel Coupons via Chlorine Dioxide Gas

2015 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Wei Yeap ◽  
Simran Kaur ◽  
Fangfei Lou ◽  
Erin DiCaprio ◽  
Mark Morgan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Kinetics And Mechanism ◽  
Inactivation Kinetics ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Food Contact ◽  
Food Contact Surfaces ◽  
Contact Surfaces

ABSTRACTAcute gastroenteritis caused by human norovirus is a significant public health issue. Fresh produce and seafood are examples of high-risk foods associated with norovirus outbreaks. Food contact surfaces also have the potential to harbor noroviruses if exposed to fecal contamination, aerosolized vomitus, or infected food handlers. Currently, there is no effective measure to decontaminate norovirus on food contact surfaces. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas is a strong oxidizer and is used as a decontaminating agent in food processing plants. The objective of this study was to determine the kinetics and mechanism of ClO2gas inactivation of a norovirus surrogate, murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1), on stainless steel (SS) coupons. MNV-1 was inoculated on SS coupons at the concentration of 107PFU/coupon. The samples were treated with ClO2gas at 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 4 mg/liter for up to 5 min at 25°C and a relative humidity of 85%, and virus survival was determined by plaque assay. Treatment of the SS coupons with ClO2gas at 2 mg/liter for 5 min and 2.5 mg/liter for 2 min resulted in at least a 3-log reduction in MNV-1, while no infectious virus was recovered at a concentration of 4 mg/liter even within 1 min of treatment. Furthermore, it was found that the mechanism of ClO2gas inactivation included degradation of viral protein, disruption of viral structure, and degradation of viral genomic RNA. In conclusion, treatment with ClO2gas can serve as an effective method to inactivate a human norovirus surrogate on SS contact surfaces.

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