scholarly journals Differentiation of Xylella fastidiosa Strains via Multilocus Sequence Analysis of Environmentally Mediated Genes (MLSA-E)

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 1385-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer K. Parker ◽  
Justin C. Havird ◽  
Leonardo De La Fuente
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Analysis ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTIsolates of the plant pathogenXylella fastidiosaare genetically very similar, but studies on their biological traits have indicated differences in virulence and infection symptomatology. Taxonomic analyses have identified several subspecies, and phylogenetic analyses of housekeeping genes have shown broad host-based genetic differences; however, results are still inconclusive for genetic differentiation of isolates within subspecies. This study employs multilocus sequence analysis of environmentally mediated genes (MLSA-E; genes influenced by environmental factors) to investigateX. fastidiosarelationships and differentiate isolates with low genetic variability. Potential environmentally mediated genes, including host colonization and survival genes related to infection establishment, were identifieda priori. The ratio of the rate of nonsynonymous substitutions to the rate of synonymous substitutions (dN/dS) was calculated to select genes that may be under increased positive selection compared to previously studied housekeeping genes. Nine genes were sequenced from 54X. fastidiosaisolates infecting different host plants across the United States. Results of maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian phylogenetic (BP) analyses are in agreement with knownX. fastidiosasubspecies clades but show novel within-subspecies differentiation, including geographic differentiation, and provide additional information regarding host-based isolate variation and specificity.dN/dSratios of environmentally mediated genes, though <1 due to high sequence similarity, are significantly greater than housekeeping genedN/dSratios and correlate with increased sequence variability. MLSA-E can more precisely resolve relationships between closely related bacterial strains with low genetic variability, such asX. fastidiosaisolates. Discovering the genetic relationships betweenX. fastidiosaisolates will provide new insights into the epidemiology of populations ofX. fastidiosa, allowing improved disease management in economically important crops.

scholarly journals Multilocus Sequence Analysis of Xanthomonads Causing Bacterial Spot of Tomato and Pepper Plants Reveals Strains Generated by Recombination among Species and Recent Global Spread of Xanthomonas gardneri

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 1520-1529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujan Timilsina ◽  
Mustafa O. Jibrin ◽  
Neha Potnis ◽  
Gerald V. Minsavage ◽  
Misrak Kebede ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Global Distribution ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Analysis ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Bacterial Spot ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Pathogen Populations

ABSTRACTFourXanthomonasspecies are known to cause bacterial spot of tomato and pepper, but the global distribution and genetic diversity of these species are not well understood. A collection of bacterial spot-causing strains from the Americas, Africa, Southeast Asia, and New Zealand were characterized for genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships using multilocus sequence analysis of six housekeeping genes. By examining strains from different continents, we found unexpected phylogeographic patterns, including the global distribution of a single multilocus haplotype ofX. gardneri, possible regional differentiation inX. vesicatoria, and high species diversity on tomato in Africa. In addition, we found evidence of multiple recombination events betweenX. euvesicatoriaandX. perforans.Our results indicate that there have been shifts in the species composition of bacterial spot pathogen populations due to the global spread of dominant genotypes and that recombination between species has generated genetic diversity in these populations.

scholarly journals Multilocus sequence analysis and comparative evolution of virulence-associated genes and housekeeping genes of Clostridium difficile

Microbiology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 151 (10) ◽  
pp. 3171-3180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludovic Lemée ◽  
Ingrid Bourgeois ◽  
Elodie Ruffin ◽  
Anne Collignon ◽  
Jean-François Lemeland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Analysis ◽  
Binary Toxin ◽  
Toxin A ◽  
Toxin Genes ◽  
Colonization Factor ◽  
Clonal Population Structure

A multilocus sequence analysis of ten virulence-associated genes was performed to study the genetic relationships between 29 Clostridium difficile isolates of various origins, hosts and clinical presentations, and selected from the main lineages previously defined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of housekeeping genes. Colonization-factor-encoding genes (cwp66, cwp84, fbp68, fliC, fliD, groEL and slpA), toxin A and B genes (tcdA and tcdB), and the toxin A and B positive regulator gene (tcdD) were investigated. Binary toxin genes (cdtA and cdtB) were also detected, and internal fragments were sequenced for positive isolates. Virulence-associated genes exhibited a moderate polymorphism, comparable to the polymorphism of housekeeping genes, whereas cwp66 and slpA genes appeared highly polymorphic. Isolates recovered from human pseudomembranous colitis cases did not define a specific lineage. The presence of binary toxin genes, detected in five of the 29 isolates (17 %), was also not linked to clinical presentation. Conversely, toxigenic A−B+ isolates defined a very homogeneous lineage, which is distantly related to other isolates. By clustering analysis, animal isolates were intermixed with human isolates. Multilocus sequence analysis of virulence-associated genes is consistent with a clonal population structure for C. difficile and with the lack of host specificity. The data suggest a co-evolution of several of the virulence-associated genes studied (including toxins A and B and the binary toxin genes) with housekeeping genes, reflecting the genetic background of C. difficile, whereas flagellin, cwp66 and slpA genes may undergo recombination events and/or environmental selective pressure.

scholarly journals Multilocus Sequence Analysis of Phylogroup 1 and 2 Oral Treponeme Strains

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Biao Huo ◽  
Yuki Chan ◽  
Donnabella C. Lacap-Bugler ◽  
Sisu Mo ◽  
Patrick C. Y. Woo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Analysis ◽  
Species Differentiation ◽  
Treponema Denticola ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT More than 75 “species-level” phylotypes of spirochete bacteria belonging to the genus Treponema reside within the human oral cavity. The majority of these oral treponeme phylotypes correspond to as-yet-uncultivated taxa or strains of uncertain standing in taxonomy. Here, we analyze phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships between oral treponeme strains using a multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) scheme based on the highly conserved 16S rRNA, pyrH, recA, and flaA genes. We utilized this MLSA scheme to analyze genetic data from a curated collection of oral treponeme strains (n = 71) of diverse geographical origins. This comprises phylogroup 1 (n = 23) and phylogroup 2 (n = 48) treponeme strains, including all relevant American Type Culture Collection reference strains. The taxonomy of all strains was confirmed or inferred via the analysis of ca. 1,450-bp 16S rRNA gene sequences using a combination of bioinformatic and phylogenetic approaches. Taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships between the respective treponeme strains were further investigated by analyzing individual and concatenated flaA (1,074-nucleotide [nt]), recA (1,377-nt), and pyrH (696-nt) gene sequence data sets. Our data confirmed the species differentiation between Treponema denticola (n = 41) and Treponema putidum (n = 7) strains. Notably, our results clearly supported the differentiation of the 23 phylogroup 1 treponeme strains into five distinct “species-level” phylotypes. These respectively corresponded to “Treponema vincentii” (n = 11), Treponema medium (n = 1), “Treponema sinensis” (Treponema sp. IA; n = 4), Treponema sp. IB (n = 3), and Treponema sp. IC (n = 4). In conclusion, our MLSA-based approach can be used to effectively discriminate oral treponeme taxa, confirm taxonomic assignment, and enable the delineation of species boundaries with high confidence. IMPORTANCE Periodontal diseases are caused by persistent polymicrobial biofilm infections of the gums and underlying tooth-supporting structures and have a complex and variable etiology. Although Treponema denticola is strongly associated with periodontal diseases, the etiological roles of other treponeme species/phylotypes are less well defined. This is due to a paucity of formal species descriptions and a poor understanding of genetic relationships between oral treponeme taxa. Our study directly addresses these issues. It represents one of the most comprehensive analyses of oral treponeme strains performed to date, including isolates from North America, Europe, and Asia. We envisage that our results will greatly facilitate future metagenomic efforts aimed at characterizing the clinical distributions of oral treponeme species/phylotypes, helping investigators to establish a more detailed understanding of their etiological roles in periodontal diseases and other infectious diseases. Our results are also directly relevant to various polymicrobial tissue infections in animals, which also involve treponeme populations.

Phylogenetic multilocus sequence analysis identifies seven novel Ensifer genospecies isolated from a less-well-explored biogeographical region in East Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (Pt_9) ◽  
pp. 2286-2295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tulu Degefu ◽  
Endalkachew Wolde-meskel ◽  
Åsa Frostegård
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Analysis ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Woody Legumes ◽  
Inoculation Study

The diversity of 71 rhizobial strains belonging to the genus Ensifer , isolated from root nodules of woody legumes growing in southern Ethiopia, was studied using multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) and phenotypic approaches. Phylogenetic analyses based on core genes revealed that 43 strains were clustered in seven distinct and consistent positions (genospecies I–VII), while another 25 strains were also distinct but were discrepant in their placement on the different gene trees. The remaining three strains occupied the same phylogenetic branches as defined Ensifer species and thus were not distinct. Irrespective of their chromosomal background, the majority of the test strains were highly related with respect to their nifH and nodC gene sequences, suggesting that these symbionts might have acquired these genes recently from a common origin. On the nifH phylogenetic tree, the branch containing the test strains and reference species isolated from woody legumes in Africa was clearly separate from those isolated outside the continent, suggesting that these symbionts have a long history of separate evolution within Ensifer for this gene. A cross-inoculation study showed that our strains were capable of eliciting effective nodulation on the homologous host and on other host species. This suggests a potential to improve nitrogen fixation by selecting for broad-host-range inoculants. Our study confirms the presence of a wide diversity of Ensifer in East Africa and, while contributing to the general knowledge of the biodiversity within the genus, also highlights the need to focus on previously less-well-explored biogeographical regions to unravel as-yet-unidentified rhizobial resources.

scholarly journals Genetic Relationships of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates from Clinical, Human Carrier, and Environmental Sources in Thailand, Determined by Multilocus Sequence Analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
pp. 2358-2370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chonchanok Theethakaew ◽  
Edward J. Feil ◽  
Santiago Castillo-Ramírez ◽  
David M. Aanensen ◽  
Orasa Suthienkul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Analysis ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Intragenic Recombination ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Frozen Shrimp

ABSTRACTVibrio parahaemolyticusis a seafood-borne pathogenic bacterium that is a major cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. We investigated the genetic and evolutionary relationships of 101V. parahaemolyticusisolates originating from clinical, human carrier, and various environmental and seafood production sources in Thailand using multilocus sequence analysis. The isolates were recovered from clinical samples (n= 15), healthy human carriers (n= 18), various types of fresh seafood (n= 18), frozen shrimp (n= 16), fresh-farmed shrimp tissue (n= 18), and shrimp farm water (n= 16). Phylogenetic analysis revealed a high degree of genetic diversity within theV. parahaemolyticuspopulation, although isolates recovered from clinical samples and from farmed shrimp and water samples represented distinct clusters. The tight clustering of the clinical isolates suggests that disease-causing isolates are not a random sample of the environmental reservoir, although the source of infection remains unclear. Extensive serotypic diversity occurred among isolates representing the same sequence types and recovered from the same source at the same time. These findings suggest that the O- and K-antigen-encoding loci are subject to exceptionally high rates of recombination. There was also strong evidence of interspecies horizontal gene transfer and intragenic recombination involving therecAlocus in a large proportion of isolates. As the majority of the intragenic recombinational exchanges involvingrecAoccurred among clinical and carrier isolates, it is possible that the human intestinal tract serves as a potential reservoir of donor and recipient strains that is promoting horizontal DNA transfer, driving evolutionary change, and leading to the emergence of new, potentially pathogenic strains.

scholarly journals Multilocus sequence analysis for the taxonomic updating and identification of the genus Proteus and reclassification of Proteus genospecies 5 O’Hara et al. 2000, Proteus cibarius Hyun et al. 2016 as later heterotypic synonyms of Proteus terrae Behrendt et al. 2015

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hang Dai ◽  
Binghuai Lu ◽  
Zhenpeng Li ◽  
Zhenzhou Huang ◽  
Hongyan Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Analysis ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Gene Markers

Abstract Background: Members of the genus Proteus are mostly opportunistic pathogens that cause a variety of infections in humans. The molecular evolutionary characteristics and genetic relationships among Proteus species have not been elucidated to date. In this study, we developed a multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) approach based on five housekeeping genes (HKGs) to delineate phylogenetic relationships of species within the genus Proteus. Results: Of all 223 Proteus strains collected in the current study, the phylogenetic tree of five concatenated HKGs (dnaJ, mdh, pyrC, recA and rpoD) divided 223 strains into eleven clusters, which were representative of 11 species of Proteus. Meanwhile, the phylogenetic trees of the five individual HKGs also corresponded to that of the concatenated tree, except for recA, which clustered four strains at an independent cluster. The evaluation of inter- and intraspecies distances of HKG concatenation indicated that all interspecies distances were significantly different from intraspecies distances, which revealed that these HKG concatenations can be used as gene markers to distinguish different Proteus species. Further web-based DNA-DNA hybridization estimated by genome of type strains confirmed the validity of the MLSA, and each of eleven clusters was congruent with the most abundant Proteus species. In addition, we used the established MLSA method to identify the randomly collected Proteus and found that P. mirabilis is the most abundant species. However, the second most abundant species is P. terrae but not P. vulgaris. Combined with the genetic, genomic and phenotypic characteristics, these findings indicate that three species, P. terrae, P. cibarius and Proteus genospecies 5, should be regarded as heterotypic synonyms, and the species should be renamed P. terrae, while Proteus genospecies 5 has not been named to date. Conclusions: This study suggested that MLSA is a powerful method for the discrimination and classification of Proteus at the species level. The MLSA scheme provides a rapid and inexpensive means of identifying Proteus strains. The identification of Proteus species determined by the MLSA approach plays an important role in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of Proteus infection.

scholarly journals A multilocus sequence analysis for the taxonomic update and identification of the genus Proteus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hang Dai ◽  
Binghuai Lu ◽  
Zhenpeng Li ◽  
Zhenzhou Huang ◽  
Hongyan Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Analysis ◽  
Gene Marker ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Type Strains

Abstract Background: The members of the genus Proteus are commonly opportunistic pathogens that cause a variety of infections in humans. The molecular evolutionary characteristics and genetic relationships among Proteus species are remain unelucidated. In this study, we developed a multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) approach based on five housekeeping genes (HKGs) to delineate phylogenetic relationships of species within genus of Proteus. Results: Of all 223 Proteus strains collected in current study, phylogenetic tree of concatenated five HKGs (dnaJ, mdh, pyrC, recA and rpoD) divided into eleven clusters, which representative of their counterpart species. Meanwhile, phylogenetic trees of the five individual HKGs were also corresponded to that of the concatenated tree, except for recA, which clustered four strains at an independent cluster. The evaluation of inter- and intra-species distance of HKGs concatenation, all inter-species indicated more significant different distances than those of intra-species, which revealed these HKGs concatenation can be used as gene marker to distinguish different Proteus species. Further web-based DNA-DNA hybridization estimated by genome of type strains confirmed the validity of the MLSA and each of eleven clusters were congruent with eleven different Proteus species. In addition, we used the established MLSA method to identify the randomly collected Proteus, and found that P. mirabilis is the most species of Proteus. However, the top second is P. terrae, but not P. vulgaris. Combined with the genetic, genomic and phenotypic characteristics, three species, P. terrae, P. cibarius and Proteus genospecies 5 should be regarded as the heterotypic synonyms.Conclusions: Our data suggested the MLSA was a powerful method for the discrimination and classification of the Proteus at species level. The MLSA scheme provides a rapid, economical and precise identification of Proteus strains. The identification of Proteus species determined by the MLSA approach plays an important role in clinical diagnosis and treatment of Proteus infection.

Multilocus Sequence Analysis and Copper Ion Resistance Detection of 60 Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis Isolates from China

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benzhong Fu ◽  
Jieqian Zhu ◽  
Conard Lee ◽  
Lihua Wang
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Copper Ion ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Analysis ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Xanthomonas Arboricola

Walnut bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis (Xaj) has serious repercussions for walnut production around the world. Between 2015 and 2017, disease samples were collected from six counties (Danjiangkou, Baokang, Suizhou, Shennongjia, Zigui, and Xingshan) in Hubei province, China. Fifty-nine Xaj strains were identified by morphology and specific PCR primers from 206 isolates. The genetic diversity of 60 Xaj strains (59 from Hubei plus one from Beijing) was evaluated by Multilocus Sequence Analysis (MLST), and their resistance to copper ion (Cu2+) treatment was determined. A Neighbor Joining phylogenetic dendrogram was constructed based on four sequences of housekeeping genes (atpD-dnaK-glnA-gyrB). Two groups of strains were identified whose clustering was consistent with that of glnA. The minimal inhibitory concentration of copper ion on representative Xaj strain DW3F3 (the first genome sequenced Xaj from China) was 115 μg/ml. Setting the copper resistant threshold value to 125 μg/ml, 47 and 13 strains were considered sensitive and resistant to Cu2+, respectively. Furthermore, five strains showed Cu2+ resistance at 270 μg/ml. Compared to the copB from sensitive strains, the copB gene in resistant strains had a 15-bp insertion and eight scattered single nucleotide polymorphisms. Interestingly, the clustering based on MLSA was distinct between Xaj copper ion resistant and sensitive strains.

scholarly journals Genetic Differentiation Associated with Fumonisin and Gibberellin Production in JapaneseFusarium fujikuroi

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruhisa Suga ◽  
Mitsuhiro Arai ◽  
Emi Fukasawa ◽  
Keiichi Motohashi ◽  
Hiroyuki Nakagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Aflp Markers ◽  
Fusarium Fujikuroi ◽  
Rice Seedlings ◽  
Bakanae Disease ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gibberellin Production

ABSTRACTFusarium fujikuroiis a pathogenic fungus that infects rice. It produces several important mycotoxins, such as fumonisins. Fumonisin production has been detected in strains of maize, strawberry, and wheat, whereas it has not been detected in strains from rice seedlings infested with bakanae disease in Japan. We investigated the genetic relationships, pathogenicity, and resistance to a fungicide, thiophanate-methyl (TM), in 51 fumonisin-producing strains and 44 nonproducing strains. Phylogenetic analyses based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and two specific genes (a combined sequence of translation elongation factor 1α [TEF1α] and RNA polymerase II second-largest subunit [RPB2]) indicated differential clustering between the fumonisin-producing and -nonproducing strains. One of the AFLP markers, EATMCAY107, was specifically present in the fumonisin-producing strains. A specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) between the fumonisin-producing and nonproducing strains was also detected inRPB2, in addition to an SNP previously found inTEF1α. Gibberellin production was higher in the nonproducing than in the producing strains according to anin vitroassay, and the nonproducing strains had the strongest pathogenicity with regard to rice seedlings. TM resistance was closely correlated with the cluster of fumonisin-nonproducing strains. The results indicate that intraspecific evolution in JapaneseF. fujikuroiis associated with fumonisin production and pathogenicity. Two subgroups of JapaneseF. fujikuroi, designated G group and F group, were distinguished based on phylogenetic differences and the high production of gibberellin and fumonisin, respectively.IMPORTANCEFusarium fujikuroiis a pathogenic fungus that causes rice bakanae disease. Historically, this pathogen has been known asFusarium moniliforme, along with many other species based on a broad species concept. Gibberellin, which is currently known as a plant hormone, is a virulence factor ofF. fujikuroi. Fumonisin is a carcinogenic mycotoxin posing a serious threat to food and feed safety. Although it has been confirmed thatF. fujikuroiproduces gibberellin and fumonisin, production varies among strains, and individual production has been obscured by the traditional appellation ofF. moniliforme, difficulties in species identification, and variation in the assays used to determine the production of these secondary metabolites. In this study, we discovered two phylogenetic subgroups associated with fumonisin and gibberellin production in JapaneseF. fujikuroi.

scholarly journals Multilocus Sequence Analysis of the Marine Bacterial Genus Tenacibaculum Suggests Parallel Evolution of Fish Pathogenicity and Endemic Colonization of Aquaculture Systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (17) ◽  
pp. 5503-5514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Habib ◽  
Armel Houel ◽  
Aurélie Lunazzi ◽  
Jean-François Bernardet ◽  
Anne Berit Olsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Analysis ◽  
Fish Pathogens ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Marine Aquaculture ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Family ◽  
Cohesive Group

ABSTRACTThe genusTenacibaculum, a member of the familyFlavobacteriaceae, is an abundant component of marine bacterial ecosystems that also hosts several fish pathogens, some of which are of serious concern for marine aquaculture. Here, we applied multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) to 114 representatives of most known species in the genus and of the worldwide diversity of the major fish pathogenTenacibaculum maritimum. Recombination hampers precise phylogenetic reconstruction, but the data indicate intertwined environmental and pathogenic lineages, which suggests that pathogenicity evolved independently in several species. At lower phylogenetic levels recombination is also important, and the speciesT. maritimumconstitutes a cohesive group of isolates. Importantly, the data reveal no trace of long-distance dissemination that could be linked to international fish movements. Instead, the high number of distinct genotypes suggests an endemic distribution of strains. The MLSA scheme and the data described in this study will help in monitoringTenacibaculuminfections in marine aquaculture; we show, for instance, that isolates from tenacibaculosis outbreaks in Norwegian salmon farms are related toT. dicentrarchi, a recently described species.

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