scholarly journals Sequencing and Characterization of pBM400 from Bacillus megaterium QM B1551

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 6888-6898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Scholle ◽  
Christen A. White ◽  
Muthusamy Kunnimalaiyaan ◽  
Patricia S. Vary
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Megaterium ◽  
Heavy Metal Resistance ◽  
Metal Resistance ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Insertion Element ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Rna Interaction

ABSTRACT Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 plasmid pBM400, one of seven indigenous plasmids, has been labeled with a selectable marker, isolated, completely sequenced, and partially characterized. A sequence of 53,903 bp was generated, revealing a total of 50 predicted open reading frames (ORFs); 33 were carried on one strand and 17 were carried on the other. These ORFs comprised 57% of the pBM400 sequence. Besides the replicon region and a complete rRNA operon that have previously been described, several interesting genes were found, including genes for predicted proteins for cell division (FtsZ and FtsK), DNA-RNA interaction (FtsK, Int/Rec, and reverse transcriptase), germination (CwlJ), styrene degradation (StyA), and heavy metal resistance (Cu-Cd export and ATPase). Three of the ORF products had high similarities to proteins from the Bacillus anthracis virulence plasmid pXO1. An insertion element with similarity to the IS256 family and several hypothetical proteins similar to those from the chromosomes of other Bacillus and Lactococcus species were present. This study provides a basis for isolation and sequencing of other high-molecular-weight plasmids from QM B1551 and for understanding the role of megaplasmids in gram-positive bacteria. The genes carried by pBM400 suggest a possible role of this plasmid in the survival of B. megaterium in hostile environments with heavy metals or styrene and also suggest that there has been an exchange of genes within the gram-positive bacteria, including pathogens.

scholarly journals Stenotrophomonas maltophilia D457R Contains a Cluster of Genes from Gram-Positive Bacteria Involved in Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1778-1782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Alonso ◽  
Patricia Sanchez ◽  
José L. Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia ◽  
Heavy Metal Resistance ◽  
Metal Resistance ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Negative Bacterium ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

ABSTRACT A cluster of genes involved in antibiotic and heavy metal resistance has been characterized from a clinical isolate of the gram-negative bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. These genes include a macrolide phosphotransferase (mphBM) and a cadmium efflux determinant (cadA), together with the genecadC coding for its transcriptional regulator. ThecadC cadA region is flanked by a truncated IS257 sequence and a region coding for a bin3invertase. Despite their presence in a gram-negative bacterium, these genetic elements share a common gram-positive origin. The possible origin of these determinants as a remnant composite transposon as well as the role of gene transfer between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria for the acquisition of antibiotic resistance determinants in chronic, mixed infections is discussed.

scholarly journals Role of gram‐positive bacteria in chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS)

The Prostate ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen F. Murphy ◽  
Jonathan F. Anker ◽  
Daniel J. Mazur ◽  
Christel Hall ◽  
Anthony J. Schaeffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Pain ◽  
Chronic Pelvic Pain ◽  
Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Pelvic Pain Syndrome ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

scholarly journals Bitter Taste Receptor T2R14 Modulates Gram-Positive Bacterial Internalization and Survival in Gingival Epithelial Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 9920
Author(s):  
Manoj Reddy Medapati ◽  
Anjali Yadav Bhagirath ◽  
Nisha Singh ◽  
Robert J. Schroth ◽  
Rajinder P. Bhullar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Gingival Epithelial Cells ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Bitter-taste receptors (T2Rs) have emerged as key players in host–pathogen interactions and important modulators of oral innate immunity. Previously, we reported that T2R14 is expressed in gingival epithelial cells (GECs) and interacts with competence stimulating peptides (CSPs) secreted by the cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. The underlying mechanisms of the innate immune responses and physiological effects of T2R14 on Gram-positive bacteria are not well characterized. In this study, we examined the role of T2R14 in internalization and growth inhibitory effects on Gram-positive bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus and S. mutans. We utilized CRISPR-Cas9 T2R14 knockdown (KD) GECs as the study model to address these key physiological mechanisms. Our data reveal that the internalization of S. aureus is significantly decreased, while the internalization of S. mutans remains unaffected upon knockdown of T2R14 in GECs. Surprisingly, GECs primed with S. mutans CSP-1 resulted in an inhibition of growth for S. aureus, but not for S. mutans. The GECs infected with S. aureus induced T2R14-dependent human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2) secretion; however, S. mutans–infected GECs did not induce hBD-2 secretion, but induced T2R14 dependent IL-8 secretion. Interestingly, our results show that T2R14 KD affects the cytoskeletal reorganization in GECs, thereby inhibiting S. aureus internalization. Our study highlights the distinct mechanisms and a direct role of T2R14 in influencing physiological responses to Gram-positive bacteria in the oral cavity.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Two Cryptic Plasmids in the Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacterium Nitrosomonas sp. Strain ENI-11

1999 ◽  
Vol 181 (11) ◽  
pp. 3375-3381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Yamagata ◽  
Junichi Kato ◽  
Ryuichi Hirota ◽  
Akio Kuroda ◽  
Tsukasa Ikeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal Resistance ◽  
Metal Resistance ◽  
Nucleotide Sequences ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Homologous Region ◽  
Significant Similarity ◽  
Physical Maps ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacterium ◽  
Cryptic Plasmids

ABSTRACT Two plasmids were discovered in the ammonia-oxidizing bacteriumNitrosomonas sp. strain ENI-11, which was isolated from activated sludge. The plasmids, designated pAYS and pAYL, were relatively small, being approximately 1.9 kb long. They were cryptic plasmids, having no detectable plasmid-linked antibiotic resistance or heavy metal resistance markers. The complete nucleotide sequences of pAYS and pAYL were determined, and their physical maps were constructed. There existed two major open reading frames, ORF1 in pAYS and ORF2 in pAYL, each of which was more than 500 bp long. The predicted product of ORF2 was 28% identical to part of the replication protein of a Bacillus plasmid, pBAA1. However, no significant similarity to any known protein sequences was detected with the predicted product of ORF1. pAYS and pAYL had a highly homologous region, designated HHR, of 262 bp. The overall identity was 98% between the two nucleotide sequences. Interestingly, HHR-homologous sequences were also detected in the genomes of ENI-11 and the plasmidless strain Nitrosomonas europaea IFO14298. Deletion analysis of pAYS and pAYL indicated that HHR, together with either ORF1 or ORF2, was essential for plasmid maintenance in ENI-11. To our knowledge, pAYS and pAYL are the first plasmids found in the ammonia-oxidizing autotrophic bacteria.

scholarly journals The Recombination Genes addAB Are Not Restricted to Gram-Positive Bacteria: Genetic Analysis of the Recombination Initiation Enzymes RecF and AddAB in Rhizobium etli

2004 ◽  
Vol 186 (23) ◽  
pp. 7905-7913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacobo Zuñiga-Castillo ◽  
David Romero ◽  
Jaime M. Martínez-Salazar
Keyword(s):  
Recombination Frequency ◽  
Double Strand Breaks ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Rhizobium Etli ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Strand Breaks ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

ABSTRACT Single-strand gaps (SSGs) and double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the major initiation sites for recombination. In bacteria, the SSGs are repaired by RecFOR, while the DSBs are processed by RecBCD in gram-negative bacteria and AddAB in gram-positive bacteria. Unexpectedly, instead of recBCD genes, the addAB genes were found in members of the α-proteobacteria group (gram negative). Taking Rhizobium etli as a model, the role of recF and addAB genes in homologous recombination and repair of damaged DNA was evaluated. Inactivation of either recF or addA provoked strong sensitivity to UV radiation and mitomycin C, while an additive effect was observed in the recF-addA mutant. The DSBs generated by nalidixic acid caused low viability only in the addA mutant. The recombination frequency of large and small plasmids was reduced in the recF mutant (24- and 36-fold, respectively), whereas a slight decrease (threefold) in the addA mutant was observed. Moreover, an additive effect (47- and 90-fold, respectively) was observed in the double mutant, but it was not as dramatic as that in a recA mutant. Interestingly, the frequency of deletion and Campbell-type recombination was slightly affected in either single or double mutants. These results suggest that another pathway exists that allows plasmid and Campbell-type recombination in the absence of recF and addA genes.

scholarly journals Mutations of the Listeria monocytogenes PeptidoglycanN-Deacetylase andO-Acetylase Result in Enhanced Lysozyme Sensitivity, Bacteriolysis, and Hyperinduction of Innate Immune Pathways

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (9) ◽  
pp. 3596-3606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris S. Rae ◽  
Aimee Geissler ◽  
Paul C. Adamson ◽  
Daniel A. Portnoy
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Growth Defects ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Host Cell Death

ABSTRACTListeria monocytogenesis a Gram-positive intracellular pathogen that is naturally resistant to lysozyme. Recently, it was shown that peptidoglycan modification by N-deacetylation or O-acetylation confers resistance to lysozyme in various Gram-positive bacteria, includingL. monocytogenes.L. monocytogenespeptidoglycan is deacetylated by the action ofN-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (Pgd) and acetylated byO-acetylmuramic acid transferase (Oat). We characterized Pgd−, Oat−, and double mutants to determine the specific role ofL. monocytogenespeptidoglycan acetylation in conferring lysozyme sensitivity during infection of macrophages and mice. Pgd−and Pgd−Oat−double mutants were attenuated approximately 2 and 3.5 logs, respectively,in vivo. In bone-marrow derived macrophages, the mutants demonstrated intracellular growth defects and increased induction of cytokine transcriptional responses that emanated from a phagosome and the cytosol. Lysozyme-sensitive mutants underwent bacteriolysis in the macrophage cytosol, resulting in AIM2-dependent pyroptosis. Each of thein vitrophenotypes was rescued upon infection of LysM−macrophages. The addition of extracellular lysozyme to LysM−macrophages restored cytokine induction, host cell death, andL. monocytogenesgrowth inhibition. This surprising observation suggests that extracellular lysozyme can access the macrophage cytosol and act on intracellular lysozyme-sensitive bacteria.

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