scholarly journals Molecular Confirmation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 2 in HIV-Seropositive Subjects in South India

2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 987-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kannangai ◽  
S. Ramalingam ◽  
K. J. Prakash ◽  
O. C. Abraham ◽  
R. George ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Dual Infection ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Seropositive ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Chiron Corporation

ABSTRACT Nested PCRs for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 were compared with immunoblot test results. Twelve of 13 immunoblot-positive HIV-2 samples were positive by PCR. There were five INNO-LIA (Innogenetics, Zwijnaarde, Belgium) and/or HIVBLOT 2.2 (Genelabs, Singapore) samples that tested positive for dual infection. HIV-1 PCR was positive in all samples, while HIV-2 PCR was positive in two and RIBA (Chiron Corporation, San Diego, Calif.) was positive for HIV-2 in three samples. Thus the prevalence of HIV-2 is accurately estimated by the use of immunoblotting, but that of HIV-1 and -2 dual infection may be overestimated.

scholarly journals Human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 have different replication kinetics in human primary macrophage culture

2006 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Marchant ◽  
Stuart J. D. Neil ◽  
Áine McKnight
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Steady Rate ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Load Characteristics ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Hiv 1

This study compares the replication of primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and type 1 (HIV-1) in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Eleven HIV-2 and five HIV-1 primary isolates that use CCR5, CXCR4 or both coreceptors to enter cells were included. Regardless of coreceptor preference, 10 of 11 HIV-2 viruses could enter, reverse transcribe and produce fully infectious virus in MDMs with efficiency equal to that in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, the kinetics of replication of HIV-2 compared with HIV-1 over time were distinct. HIV-2 had a burst of virus replication 2 days after infection that resolved into an apparent ‘latent state’ at day 3. HIV-1, however, continued to produce infectious virions at a lower, but steady, rate throughout the course of infection. These results may have implications for the lower pathogenesis and viral-load characteristics of HIV-2 infection.

scholarly journals The breakdown of the cytokine network subsequent to human immunodeficiency virus infection

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 315-321
Author(s):  
M. Clerici ◽  
M. L. Villa ◽  
D. Trabattoni ◽  
G. M. Shearer
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Cytokine Network ◽  
Type 2 Cytokines ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Seropositive

The acquired immunodeflciency syndrome (AIDS) is a clinically multifaceted disease induced by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV infection results in a complex pattern of immunologic alterations that leads to the development of AIDS in the majority of HIV seropositive (HIV+) individuals. The reduction in CD4 T lymphocyte counts is the hallmark of HIV infection; nevertheless, long before the reduction in CD4 counts reaches critical levels, a series of profound and complex defects that impair the function of CD4 T lymphocytes can be detected. Thus, HIV infection is characterized by quantitative and qualitative defects affecting CD4 T lymphocytes. It was suggested recently that programmed cell death (PCD) is an important mechanism leading to CD4 depletion in HIV infection, and that susceptibility of peripheral lymphocytes to PCD is differentially regulated by diverse cytokines. Thus, type 1 cytokines would protect CD4 lymphocytes against PCD, whereas type 2 cytokines would not protect against, and could augment, PCD. We suggest that the qualitative alterations of the immune response provoke the CD4 depletion characteristic of HIV disease via type 2 cytokinemediated augmentation of PCD, and are therefore ultimately responsible for the progression of HIV infection. Finally, we summarize recent data showing that three correlates of disease progression: emergence of HIV strains with syncitium-inducing ability (SI), type 1-to-type 2 cytokine shift, and CD4 depletion, are significantly associated, suggesting a complex interconnected virologic-immunologic pathogenesis of HIV infection.

Confirmation and differentiation of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus 1 and 2 with a strip-based assay including recombinant antigens and synthetic peptides

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1700-1707 ◽  
Author(s):  
D E Pollet ◽  
E L Saman ◽  
D C Peeters ◽  
H M Warmenbol ◽  
L M Heyndrickx ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Synthetic Peptides ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
False Negative Results ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Antibodies ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract We evaluated the use of the INNO-LIA HIV-1/HIV-2 Ab test (LIA HIV; Innogenetics) for the confirmation of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2). The test includes three recombinant HIV-1 proteins: p24 (gag), p17 (gag), and endonuclease (p31; pol), in combination with two synthetic peptides derived from the env gene of HIV-1 and one synthetic peptide selected from the env gene of HIV-2. Analysis of 450 sera from blood donors, 220 sera from patients with non-HIV pathology, and 28 Western blot (WB) p24-only reactive sera revealed no false-positive results, and the rate of indeterminate results was substantially lower than that with WB. Testing of 334 WB-confirmed HIV antibody-positive sera (309 HIV-1; 25 HIV-2) revealed no false-negative results. In two of seven seroconversion panels tested, LIA HIV detected the presence of HIV antibodies before WB did. In the other five panels, LIA HIV and WB confirmed the presence of HIV antibodies in the same sample. The LIA HIV assay therefore appears well suited for routine confirmation of the presence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies.

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