scholarly journals Zika Virus

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didier Musso ◽  
Duane J. Gubler
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Zika Fever

SUMMARYZika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) in the genusFlavivirusand the familyFlaviviridae. ZIKV was first isolated from a nonhuman primate in 1947 and from mosquitoes in 1948 in Africa, and ZIKV infections in humans were sporadic for half a century before emerging in the Pacific and the Americas. ZIKV is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes. The clinical presentation of Zika fever is nonspecific and can be misdiagnosed as other infectious diseases, especially those due to arboviruses such as dengue and chikungunya. ZIKV infection was associated with only mild illness prior to the large French Polynesian outbreak in 2013 and 2014, when severe neurological complications were reported, and the emergence in Brazil of a dramatic increase in severe congenital malformations (microcephaly) suspected to be associated with ZIKV. Laboratory diagnosis of Zika fever relies on virus isolation or detection of ZIKV-specific RNA. Serological diagnosis is complicated by cross-reactivity among members of theFlavivirusgenus. The adaptation of ZIKV to an urban cycle involving humans and domestic mosquito vectors in tropical areas where dengue is endemic suggests that the incidence of ZIKV infections may be underestimated. There is a high potential for ZIKV emergence in urban centers in the tropics that are infested with competent mosquito vectors such asAedes aegyptiandAedes albopictus.

Global and pediatric aspects of Zika virus infection

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry O Ivanov ◽  
Valentina V Malinovskaya ◽  
Vladimir N Timchenko ◽  
Tatyana A Kaplina ◽  
Jean-Claude Hakizimana
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Congenital Infection ◽  
Maculopapular Rash ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Zika Virus Infection ◽  
Tropical Climates ◽  
Zika Fever

This article presents the results of data analysis or references on etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, therapy and prophylaxis of Zika virus infection. The article presents the results of the literature analysis of the data on the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, treatment and prevention of Zika virus infection. Currently Zika fever is common in tropical climates (Uganda, Brazil, Haiti, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Venezuela, Jamaica, Thailand, etc.). However, a large number of travelers and areolas mosquito habitat Αedes kind of make this a global problem. Acquired Zika virus infection usually occurs in mild and/or moderate forms. The development of severe forms occurs mainly in people with a weakened immune system or autoimmune diseases. Patients affected with Zika virus may develop neurological complications such as encephalitis, myelitis, optic neuritis, meningoencephalitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome. Transplacental and sexual transmissions contribute to an increase in the number of cases among children, including newborns. Zika congenital infection is characterized with brain damage, hearing and sight. Acquired Zika fever in children is accompanied by the presence of the following syndromes: subfebrile fever, mild intoxication, maculopapular rash with a landmark distribution, arthralgia, myalgia, photophobia and conjunctivitis, diarrhea rarely observed. In the laboratory diagnosis are used virological, molecular biological and serological methods. There are no specific prophylactic methods.To treat Zika virus infection, may be used recombinant human inteferona α2β and interferon inducers.

scholarly journals Transmission dynamics of Zika virus in island populations: a modelling analysis of the 2013-14 French Polynesia outbreak

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. Kucharski ◽  
Sebastian Funk ◽  
Rosalind M. Eggo ◽  
Henri-Pierre Mallet ◽  
W. John Edmunds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
French Polynesia ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
Island Populations ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Guillain Barré

AbstractBetween October 2013 and April 2014, more than 30,000 cases of Zika virus (ZIKV) disease were estimated to have attended healthcare facilities in French Polynesia. ZIKV has also been reported in Africa and Asia, and in 2015 the virus spread to South America and the Caribbean. Infection with ZIKV has been associated with neurological complications including Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) and microcephaly, which led the World Health Organization to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in February 2015. To better understand the transmission dynamics of ZIKV, we used a mathematical model to examine the 2013–14 outbreak on the six major archipelagos of French Polynesia. Our median estimates for the basic reproduction number ranged from 2.6–4.8, with an estimated 11.5% (95% CI: 7.32–17.9%) of total infections reported. As a result, we estimated that 94% (95% CI: 91–97%) of the total population of the six archipelagos were infected during the outbreak. Based on the demography of French Polynesia, our results imply that if ZIKV infection provides complete protection against future infection, it would take 12–20 years before there are a sufficient number of susceptible individuals for ZIKV to reemerge, which is on the same timescale as the circulation of dengue virus serotypes in the region. Our analysis suggests that ZIKV may exhibit similar dynamics to dengue virus in island populations, with transmission characterized by large, sporadic outbreaks with a high proportion of asymptomatic or unreported cases.Author SummarySince the first reported major outbreak of Zika virus disease in Micronesia in 2007, the virus has caused outbreaks throughout the Pacific and South America. Transmitted by the Aedes species of mosquitoes, the virus has been linked to possible neurological complications including Guillain-Barre Syndrome and microcephaly. To improve our understanding of the transmission dynamics of Zika virus in island populations, we analysed the 2013–14 outbreak on the six major archipelagos of French Polynesia. We found evidence that Zika virus infected the majority of population, but only around 12% of total infections on the archipelagos were reported as cases. If infection with Zika virus generates lifelong immunity, we estimate that it would take at least 15–20 years before there are enough susceptible people for the virus to reemerge. Our results suggest that Zika virus could exhibit similar dynamics to dengue virus in the Pacific, producing large but sporadic outbreaks in small island populations.

scholarly journals Characterization of cis-Acting RNA Elements of Zika Virus by Using a Self-Splicing Ribozyme-Dependent Infectious Clone

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong-Yu Liu ◽  
Jiu-Yang Yu ◽  
Xing-Yao Huang ◽  
Hang Fan ◽  
Xiao-Feng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Infectious Clone ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Cdna Clones ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Infectious Clones ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Rna Elements ◽  
Self Splicing

ABSTRACT Zika virus (ZIKV) has caused significant outbreaks and epidemics in the Americas recently, raising global concern due to its ability to cause microcephaly and other neurological complications. A stable and efficient infectious clone of ZIKV is urgently needed. However, the instability and toxicity of flavivirus cDNA clones in Escherichia coli hosts has hindered the development of ZIKV infectious clones. Here, using a novel self-splicing ribozyme-based strategy, we generated a stable infectious cDNA clone of a contemporary ZIKV strain imported from Venezuela to China in 2016. The constructed clone contained a modified version of the group II self-splicing intron P.li.LSUI2 near the junction between the E and NS1 genes, which were removed from the RNA transcripts by an easy-to-establish in vitro splicing reaction. Transfection of the spliced RNAs into BHK-21 cells led to the production of infectious progeny virus that resembled the parental virus. Finally, potential cis-acting RNA elements in ZIKV genomic RNA were identified based on this novel reverse genetics system, and the critical role of 5′-SLA promoter and 5′-3′ cyclization sequences were characterized by a combination of different assays. Our results provide another stable and reliable reverse genetics system for ZIKV that will help study ZIKV infection and pathogenesis, and the novel self-splicing intron-based strategy could be further expanded for the construction of infectious clones from other emerging and reemerging flaviviruses. IMPORTANCE The ongoing Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks have drawn global concern due to the unexpected causal link to fetus microcephaly and other severe neurological complications. The infectious cDNA clones of ZIKV are critical for the research community to study the virus, understand the disease, and inform vaccine design and antiviral screening. A panel of existing technologies have been utilized to develop ZIKV infectious clones. Here, we successfully generated a stable infectious clone of a 2016 ZIKV strain using a novel self-splicing ribozyme-based technology that abolished the potential toxicity of ZIKV cDNA clones to the E. coli host. Moreover, two crucial cis-acting replication elements (5′-SLA and 5′-CS) of ZIKV were first identified using this novel reverse genetics system. This novel self-splicing ribozyme-based reverse genetics platform will be widely utilized in future ZIKV studies and provide insight for the development of infectious clones of other emerging viruses.

scholarly journals Antibody Responses to Zika Virus Infections in Environments of Flavivirus Endemicity

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Keasey ◽  
Christine L. Pugh ◽  
Stig M. R. Jensen ◽  
Jessica L. Smith ◽  
Robert D. Hontz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
E Proteins ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Predictive Algorithm

ABSTRACTZika virus (ZIKV) infections occur in areas where dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), yellow fever virus (YFV), and other viruses of the genusFlaviviruscocirculate. The envelope (E) proteins of these closely related flaviviruses induce specific long-term immunity, yet subsequent infections are associated with cross-reactive antibody responses that may enhance disease susceptibility and severity. To gain a better understanding of ZIKV infections against a background of similar viral diseases, we examined serological immune responses to ZIKV, WNV, DENV, and YFV infections of humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs). Using printed microarrays, we detected very specific antibody responses to primary infections with probes of recombinant E proteins from 15 species and lineages of flaviviruses pathogenic to humans, while high cross-reactivity between ZIKV and DENV was observed with 11 printed native viruses. Notably, antibodies from human primary ZIKV or secondary DENV infections that occurred in areas where flavivirus is endemic broadly recognized E proteins from many flaviviruses, especially DENV, indicating a strong influence of infection history on immune responses. A predictive algorithm was used to tentatively identify previous encounters with specific flaviviruses based on serum antibody interactions with the multispecies panel of E proteins. These results illustrate the potential impact of exposure to related viruses on the outcome of ZIKV infection and offer considerations for development of vaccines and diagnostics.

scholarly journals Zika virus in India: past, present and future

QJM ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Gupta ◽  
P Kodan ◽  
K Baruah ◽  
M Soneja ◽  
A Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
French Polynesia ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Madhya Pradesh ◽  
Acute Febrile Illness ◽  
Aedes Mosquito ◽  
Ubiquitous Presence

Abstract Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne flavivirus that presents with acute febrile illness associated with rash, arthralgia and conjunctivitis. After years of sporadic reports in Africa, the three major outbreaks of this disease occurred in Yap Islands (2007), French Polynesia (2013–14) and South Americas (2015–16). Although, serological surveys suggested the presence of ZIKV in India in 1950s, cross-reactivity could not be ruled out. The first four proven cases of ZIKV from India were reported in 2017. This was followed by major outbreaks in the states of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh in 2018. Fortunately, the outbreaks in India were not associated with neurological complications. These outbreaks in India highlighted the spread of this disease beyond geographical barriers owing to the growing globalization, increased travel and ubiquitous presence of its vector, the Aedes mosquito. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, clinical features and management of ZIKV in India.

scholarly journals Analysis of Humoral Immune Responses to Surface and Virulence-Associated Chlamydia abortus Proteins in Ovine and Human Abortions by Use of a Newly Developed Line Immunoassay

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 1883-1890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Benjamin Hagemann ◽  
Ulrike Simnacher ◽  
David Longbottom ◽  
Morag Livingstone ◽  
Julia Maile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Surface Antigens ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Expression Library ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Zoonotic Risk

The obligate intracellular bacteriumChlamydiaabortusis the causative agent of enzootic abortion of ewes and poses a significant zoonotic risk for pregnant women. Using proteomic analysis and gene expression library screening in a previous project, we identified potential virulence factors and candidates for serodiagnosis, of which nine were scrutinized here with a strip immunoassay. We have shown that aborting sheep exhibited a strong antibody response to surface (MOMP, MIP, Pmp13G) and virulence-associated (CPAF, TARP, SINC) antigens. While the latter disappeared within 18 weeks following abortion in a majority of the animals, antibodies to surface proteins persisted beyond the duration of the study. In contrast, nonaborting experimentally infected sheep developed mainly antibodies to surface antigens (MOMP, MIP, Pmp13G), all of which did not persist. We were also able to detect antibodies to these surface antigens inC.abortus-infected women who had undergone septic abortion, whereas a group of shepherds and veterinarians with occupational exposure toC.abortus-infected sheep revealed only sporadic immune responses to the antigens selected. The most specific antigen for the serodiagnosis of humanC.abortusinfections was Pmp13G, which showed no cross-reactivity with other chlamydiae infecting humans. We suggest that Pmp13G-based serodiagnosis accomplished by the detection of antibodies to virulence-associated antigens such as CPAF, TARP, and SINC may improve the laboratory diagnosis of human and animalC.abortusinfections.

scholarly journals Zika Virus

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Masmejan ◽  
Didier Musso ◽  
Manon Vouga ◽  
Leo Pomar ◽  
Pradip Dashraath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Congenital Infection ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Host Virus Interactions ◽  
Virus Interactions

Zika virus (ZIKV), a neurotropic single-stranded RNA flavivirus, remains an important cause of congenital infection, fetal microcephaly, and Guillain-Barré syndrome in populations where ZIKV has adapted to a nexus involving the Aedes mosquitoes and humans. To date, outbreaks of ZIKV have occurred in Africa, Southeast Asia, the Pacific islands, the Americas, and the Caribbean. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that the virus also has the potential to cause infections in Europe, where autochtonous transmission of the virus has been identified. This review focuses on evolving ZIKV epidemiology, modes of transmission and host-virus interactions. The clinical manifestations, diagnostic issues relating to cross-reactivity to the dengue flavivirus and concerns surrounding ZIKV infection in pregnancy are discussed. In the last section, current challenges in treatment and prevention are outlined.

scholarly journals Molecular Responses to the Zika Virus in Mosquitoes

Pathogens ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalina Alfonso-Parra ◽  
Frank Avila
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Molecular Interactions ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Molecular Responses ◽  
The Pacific

The Zika virus (ZIKV), originally discovered in 1947, did not become a major concern until the virus swept across the Pacific and into the Americas in the last decade, bringing with it news of neurological complications and birth defects in ZIKV affected areas. This prompted researchers to dissect the molecular interactions between ZIKV and the mosquito vector in an attempt to better understand not only the changes that occur upon infection, but to also identify molecules that may potentially enhance or suppress a mosquito’s ability to become infected and/or transmit the virus. Here, we review what is currently known regarding ZIKV-mosquito molecular interactions, focusing on ZIKV infection of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, the primary species implicated in transmitting ZIKV during the recent outbreaks.

scholarly journals Decorin Binding Proteins A and B in the Serodiagnosis of Lyme Disease in North America

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1426-1436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Arnaboldi ◽  
Mariya Sambir ◽  
Raymond J. Dattwyler
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Protein Antigens ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Linear Epitopes ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTThe laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease is based upon the detection of antibodies generated againstBorrelia burgdorferiusing a two-tier assay, typically consisting of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), followed by a Western blot. This system, put into place to address the nonspecificity associated with standalone first-tier assays, is insensitive for diagnosing early infection, when most people seek care. The use of bacterial lysates or whole-protein antigens as first-tier assay targets contributes to nonspecificity due, in part, to the presence of cross-reactive epitopes that are also found in other bacteria. This precludes their use as sensitive standalone assays. The use of peptides containing linear epitopes that are highly specific forB. burgdorferioffers a method for reducing this cross-reactivity. In the present study, we mapped the linear epitopes of the prominently expressedBorreliaadhesins decorin binding protein A (DbpA) and DbpB. We identified several epitopes in each protein that were highly conserved among North American strains ofB. burgdorferi, and we screened peptides containing specific epitopes using serum panels from early and late Lyme disease patients. The individual peptides primarily detected IgM but not IgG, while the proteins efficiently detected both IgM and IgG. While no individual peptide demonstrated better utility for antibody detection than its respective whole protein, an assay containing a combination of a DbpA and a DbpB peptide adequately detected both IgM and IgG, accurately identifying 87.5% (84/96) of the early Lyme disease patients and 80.0% (16/20) of the late Lyme disease patients.

scholarly journals Antiviral Agents in Development for Zika Virus Infections

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baz ◽  
Boivin
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Rapid Dissemination ◽  
Guillain Barré

In 1947, Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus was identified in Uganda and subsequently spread to Asia and the Pacific regions. In 2015, it was introduced in Brazil causing an important social and sanitary alarm due to its increased virulence and rapid dissemination. Importantly, ZIKV infections have been associated with severe neurological complications such as Guillain–Barré syndrome and microcephaly in fetuses and newborns. Although enormous efforts were made by investigators in the development of effective countermeasures against ZIKV, there is still no approved specific antiviral drug for the treatment of ZIKV infections. Herein, we review several anti ZIKV candidates including drugs targeting both the virus (structural proteins and enzymes) and cellular elements.

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