scholarly journals Mouse Bone Marrow Sca-1+ CD44+ Mesenchymal Stem Cells Kill Avirulent Mycobacteria but Not Mycobacterium tuberculosis through Modulation of Cathelicidin Expression via the p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent Pathway

2017 ◽  
Vol 85 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumanta Kumar Naik ◽  
Avinash Padhi ◽  
Geetanjali Ganguli ◽  
Srabasti Sengupta ◽  
Sanghamitra Pati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein

ABSTRACT Mycobacterium tuberculosis primarily infects lung macrophages. However, a recent study showed that M. tuberculosis also infects and persists in a dormant form inside bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) even after successful antibiotic therapy. However, the mechanism(s) by which M. tuberculosis survives in BM-MSCs is still not known. Like macrophages, BM-MSCs do not contain a well-defined endocytic pathway, which is known to play a central role in the clearance of internalized mycobacteria. Here, we studied the fate of virulent and avirulent mycobacteria in Sca-1+ CD44+ BM-MSCs. We found that BM-MSCs were able to kill avirulent Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG but not the pathogenic species M. tuberculosis. Further mechanistic studies revealed that pathogenic M. tuberculosis dampens the antibacterial response of BM-MSCs by downregulating the expression of the cationic antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin. In contrast, avirulent mycobacteria were effectively killed by inducing the Toll-like receptor 2/4 (TLR2/4) pathway-dependent expression of cathelicidin, while small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated cathelicidin silencing increased the survival of M. bovis BCG in BM-MSCs. We also showed that M. bovis BCG infection caused increased expression levels of MyD88, phospho-interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (pIRAK-4), and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Further downstream investigations demonstrated that IRAK-4–p38 activation increased the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, which subsequently induced the expression of cathelicidin and the cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β), resulting in the decreased survival of M. bovis BCG. On the other hand, inhibition of TLR2/4, pIRAK-4, p38, and NF-κB nuclear translocation decreased cathelicidin and IL-1β expression levels and therefore increased the survival of avirulent mycobacteria. This is the first report that demonstrates that virulent mycobacteria manipulate the TLR2/4–MyD88–IRAK-4–p38–NF-κB–Camp–IL-1β pathway to survive inside bone marrow stem cells.

scholarly journals Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent Interleukin-1α Intracrine Signaling Is Modulated by YopP during Yersinia enterocolitica Infection

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rumu Bose ◽  
Josephine Thinwa ◽  
Paola Chaparro ◽  
Youmin Zhong ◽  
Santanu Bose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Map Kinase ◽  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
P38 Map Kinase ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Interleukin 1Α

ABSTRACTYersinia enterocoliticais a food-borne pathogen that preferentially infects the Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes, causing an acute inflammatory reaction. Even thoughY. enterocoliticainduces a robust inflammatory response during infection, the bacterium has evolved a number of virulence factors to limit the extent of this response. We previously demonstrated that interleukin-1α (IL-1α) was critical for the induction of gut inflammation characteristic ofY. enterocoliticainfection. More recently, the known actions of IL-1α are becoming more complex because IL-1α can function both as a proinflammatory cytokine and as a nuclear factor. In this study, we tested the ability ofY. enterocoliticato modulate intracellular IL-1α-dependent IL-8 production in epithelial cells. Nuclear translocation of pre-IL-1α protein and IL-1α-dependent secretion of IL-8 into the culture supernatant were increased during infection with a strain lacking the 70-kDa virulence plasmid compared to the case during infection with the wild type, suggesting thatYersiniaouter proteins (Yops) might be involved in modulating intracellular IL-1α signaling. Infection of HeLa cells with a strain lacking theyopPgene resulted in increased nuclear translocation of pre-IL-1α and IL-1α-dependent secretion of IL-8 similar to what is observed with bacteria lacking the virulence plasmid. YopP is a protein acetylase that inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase)- and NF-κB-dependent signal transduction pathways. Nuclear translocation of pre-IL-1α and IL-1α-dependent secretion of IL-8 in response toYersinia enterocoliticainfection were dependent on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 MAP kinase signaling but independent of NF-κB. These data suggest thatY. enterocoliticainhibits intracellular pre-IL-1α signaling and subsequent proinflammatory responses through inhibition of MAP kinase pathways.

scholarly journals Mesenchymal stem cells maintain the stemness of colon cancer stem cells via interleukin-8/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway

2020 ◽  
Vol 245 (6) ◽  
pp. 562-575
Author(s):  
Xiaoying Ma ◽  
Jiajun Liu ◽  
Xiaotong Yang ◽  
Kai Fang ◽  
Peiyong Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can act as a carrier in tumor therapy, and tumor suppressor gene-modified MSCs can reach and suppress the tumor. However, in the colon cancer microenvironment, MSCs could promote tumor growth and create the environment that is conducive to the survival of cancer stem cells (CSCs). This study discovered MSCs from three sources (bone marrow, adipose, placenta) could induce the stemness and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of HCT116 in vitro, meanwhile adipose- and placenta-derived MSCs increase the proportion of CD133+/CD44+ HCT116. Then, we explored the interaction mechanism between CD133+/CD44+ HCT116 and MSCs by the bioinformatics and in vitro assays. After CD133+/CD44+ HCT116 were co-cultured with MSCs, many cytokines in MSCs were stimulated, including interleukin-8 (IL-8). The binding of IL-8/CXCR2 activates the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in colon CSCs, thereby promoting the stemness and EMT. However, inhibition of IL-8/CXCR2/Erk1/2 could reverse the effect of MSCs on CSC stemness. In addition, MSCs co-cultured with CD133+/CD44+ HCT116 produce a carcinoma-associated fibroblast phenotype via intracellular FGF10–PKA–Akt–β-catenin signaling, which can be attenuated by IL-8 peptide inhibitor. To conclude, IL-8 promotes the interaction between colon CSCs and MSCs, and activates the MAPK signaling pathway in colon CSCs, which provides a theoretical basis for the application of MSCs in clinical practice. Impact statement MSCs have the property of chemotaxis and they can migrate to the tumor site by paracrine pathway in the tumor environment, and then interact with tumor cells. Although a mass of studies have been conducted about the impact of MSCs on tumors, it is still controversial whether the exogenous MSCs promote or inhibit tumor growth. In this work, we evaluated the effects of MSCs from three sources (bone marrow, adipose, placenta) on the proliferation, stemness, and metastasis of the colon cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Then, we proved the IL-8/CXCR2/MAPK and FGF10–PKA–Akt–β-catenin signaling pathway which mediate the interplay between MSC and CD133+/CD44+ colon cancer cell. This research aims to provide a theoretical basis for the safe application of MSCs in the clinical treatment of colon cancer.

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