scholarly journals Lipoteichoic Acid Is a Major Component of the Bacillus subtilis Periplasm

2008 ◽  
Vol 190 (22) ◽  
pp. 7414-7418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valério R. F. Matias ◽  
Terry J. Beveridge
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Lipoteichoic Acid ◽  
Periplasmic Space ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Resolution Observation ◽  
Positively Charged Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Positively Charged

ABSTRACT Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) of frozen-hydrated specimens allows high-resolution observation of structures in optimally preserved samples. In gram-positive bacteria, this method reveals the presence of a periplasmic space between the plasma membrane and an often differentiated cell wall matrix. Since virtually nothing is known about the composition of its constituent matter (i.e., the periplasm), it is still unclear what structures (or mechanism) sustain a gram-positive periplasmic space. Here we have used cryo-EM of frozen-hydrated sections in combination with various labels to probe the model gram-positive organism Bacillus subtilis for major periplasmic components. Incubation of cells with positively charged gold nanoparticles showed almost similar levels of gold binding to the periplasm and the cell wall. On cells whose cell walls were enzymatically hydrolyzed (i.e., on protoplasts), a surface diffuse layer extending ∼30 nm from the membrane was revealed. The thickness and density of this layer were not significantly altered after treatment with a nonspecific protease, whereas it was labeled with anti-lipoteichoic acid (LTA) antibodies conjugated to nanogold. Further, the LTA layer spans most of the thickness of the periplasmic space, which strongly suggests that LTA is a major component of the B. subtilis periplasm.

Microanatomy of the Periplasm of Bacillus Licheniformis

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 262-263
Author(s):  
B.K. Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Permeability Barrier ◽  
Periplasmic Space ◽  
Modified Technique ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

Periplasm of bacteria is the space outside the permeability barrier of plasma membrane but enclosed by the cell wall. The contents of this special milieu exterior could be regulated by the plasma membrane from the internal, and by the cell wall from the external environment of the cell. Unlike the gram-negative organism, the presence of this space in gram-positive bacteria is still controversial because it cannot be clearly demonstrated. We have shown the importance of some periplasmic bodies in the secretion of penicillinase from Bacillus licheniformis.In negatively stained specimens prepared by a modified technique (Figs. 1 and 2), periplasmic space (PS) contained two kinds of structures: (i) fibrils (F, 100 Å) running perpendicular to the cell wall from the protoplast and (ii) an array of vesicles of various sizes (V), which seem to have evaginated from the protoplast.

scholarly journals Gram-positive bacteria cell wall-derived lipoteichoic acid induces inflammatory alveolar bone loss through prostaglandin E production in osteoblasts

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsukasa Tominari ◽  
Ayumi Sanada ◽  
Ryota Ichimaru ◽  
Chiho Matsumoto ◽  
Michiko Hirata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bone Loss ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Osteoclast Differentiation ◽  
Lipoteichoic Acid ◽  
Alveolar Bone Loss ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

AbstractPeriodontitis is an inflammatory disease associated with severe alveolar bone loss and is dominantly induced by lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria; however, the role of Gram-positive bacteria in periodontal bone resorption remains unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major cell-wall factor of Gram-positive bacteria, on the progression of inflammatory alveolar bone loss in a model of periodontitis. In coculture of mouse primary osteoblasts and bone marrow cells, LTA induced osteoclast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. LTA enhanced the production of PGE2 accompanying the upregulation of the mRNA expression of mPGES-1, COX-2 and RANKL in osteoblasts. The addition of indomethacin effectively blocked the LTA-induced osteoclast differentiation by suppressing the production of PGE2. Using ex vivo organ cultures of mouse alveolar bone, we found that LTA induced alveolar bone resorption and that this was suppressed by indomethacin. In an experimental model of periodontitis, LTA was locally injected into the mouse lower gingiva, and we clearly detected alveolar bone destruction using 3D-μCT. We herein demonstrate a new concept indicating that Gram-positive bacteria in addition to Gram-negative bacteria are associated with the progression of periodontal bone loss.

scholarly journals L-Ficolin Specifically Binds to Lipoteichoic Acid, a Cell Wall Constituent of Gram-Positive Bacteria, and Activates the Lectin Pathway of Complement

2004 ◽  
Vol 172 (2) ◽  
pp. 1198-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Lynch ◽  
Silke Roscher ◽  
Thomas Hartung ◽  
Siegfried Morath ◽  
Misao Matsushita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lipoteichoic Acid ◽  
Lectin Pathway ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Cell Wall Constituent ◽  
A Cell

scholarly journals Granular Layer in the Periplasmic Space of Gram-Positive Bacteria and Fine Structures of Enterococcus gallinarum and Streptococcus gordonii Septa Revealed by Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Vitreous Sections

2006 ◽  
Vol 188 (18) ◽  
pp. 6652-6660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoît Zuber ◽  
Marisa Haenni ◽  
Tânia Ribeiro ◽  
Kathrin Minnig ◽  
Fátima Lopes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Granular Layer ◽  
Streptococcus Gordonii ◽  
Periplasmic Space ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Enterococcus Gallinarum ◽  
Peptidoglycan Layer

ABSTRACT High-resolution structural information on optimally preserved bacterial cells can be obtained with cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous sections. With the help of this technique, the existence of a periplasmic space between the plasma membrane and the thick peptidoglycan layer of the gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus was recently shown. This raises questions about the mode of polymerization of peptidoglycan. In the present study, we report the structure of the cell envelope of three gram-positive bacteria (B. subtilis, Streptococcus gordonii, and Enterococcus gallinarum). In the three cases, a previously undescribed granular layer adjacent to the plasma membrane is found in the periplasmic space. In order to better understand how nascent peptidoglycan is incorporated into the mature peptidoglycan, we investigated cellular regions known to represent the sites of cell wall production. Each of these sites possesses a specific structure. We propose a hypothetic model of peptidoglycan polymerization that accommodates these differences: peptidoglycan precursors could be exported from the cytoplasm to the periplasmic space, where they could diffuse until they would interact with the interface between the granular layer and the thick peptidoglycan layer. They could then polymerize with mature peptidoglycan. We report cytoplasmic structures at the E. gallinarum septum that could be interpreted as cytoskeletal elements driving cell division (FtsZ ring). Although immunoelectron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy studies have demonstrated the septal and cytoplasmic localization of FtsZ, direct visualization of in situ FtsZ filaments has not been obtained in any electron microscopy study of fixed and dehydrated bacteria.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Surfactant Protein A and D Binding to Lipoteichoic Acid and Peptidoglycan, 2 Major Cell Wall Components of Gram‐Positive Bacteria

2001 ◽  
Vol 184 (9) ◽  
pp. 1143-1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Koenraad van de Wetering ◽  
Martin van Eijk ◽  
Lambert M. G. van Golde ◽  
Thomas Hartung ◽  
Jos A. G. van Strijp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Lipoteichoic Acid ◽  
Surfactant Protein ◽  
Surfactant Protein A ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Wall Components

scholarly journals Mechanism of Action of the Mannopeptimycins, a Novel Class of Glycopeptide Antibiotics Active against Vancomycin-Resistant Gram-Positive Bacteria

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 728-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Ruzin ◽  
Guy Singh ◽  
Anatoly Severin ◽  
Youjun Yang ◽  
Russell G. Dushin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lipoteichoic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Cell Wall Biosynthesis ◽  
Glycopeptide Antibiotics ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Lipid Ii ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

ABSTRACT The naturally occurring mannopeptimycins (formerly AC98-1 through AC98-5) are a novel class of glycopeptide antibiotics that are active against a wide variety of gram-positive bacteria. The structures of the mannopeptimycins suggested that they might act by targeting cell wall biosynthesis, similar to other known glycopeptide antibiotics; but the fact that the mannopeptimycins retain activity against vancomycin-resistant organisms suggested that they might have a unique mode of action. By using a radioactive mannopeptimycin derivative bearing a photoactivation ligand, it was shown that mannopeptimycins interact with the membrane-bound cell wall precursor lipid II [C55-MurNAc-(peptide)-GlcNAc] and that this interaction is different from the binding of other lipid II-binding antibiotics such as vancomycin and mersacidin. The antimicrobial activities of several mannopeptimycin derivatives correlated with their affinities toward lipid II, suggesting that the inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis was primarily through lipid II binding. In addition, it was shown that mannopeptimycins bind to lipoteichoic acid in a rather nonspecific interaction, which might facilitate the accumulation of antibiotic on the bacterial cell surface.

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