scholarly journals Deep Sequencing Reveals Highly Complex Dynamics of Human Cytomegalovirus Genotypes in Transplant Patients over Time

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (14) ◽  
pp. 7195-7203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Görzer ◽  
Christian Guelly ◽  
Slave Trajanoski ◽  
Elisabeth Puchhammer-Stöckl
Keyword(s):  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Lung Transplant ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Mixed Genotype ◽  
Transplant Patients ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT In lung transplant patients undergoing immunosuppression, more than one human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genotype may emerge during follow-up, and this could be critical for the outcome of HCMV infection. Up to now, many cases of infection with multiple HCMV genotypes were probably overlooked due to the limitations of the current genotyping approaches. We have now analyzed mixed-genotype infections in 17 clinical samples from 9 lung transplant patients using the highly sensitive ultradeep-pyrosequencing (UDPS) technology. UDPS genotyping was performed at three variable HCMV genes, coding for glycoprotein N (gN), glycoprotein O (gO), and UL139. Simultaneous analysis of a mean of 10,430 sequence reads per amplicon allowed the relative amounts of distinct genotypes in the samples to be determined down to 0.1% to 1% abundance. Complex mixtures of up to six different HCMV genotypes per sample were observed. In all samples, no more than two major genotypes accounted for at least 88% of the HCMV DNA load, and these were often accompanied by up to four low-abundance genotypes at frequencies of 0.1% to 8.6%. No evidence for the emergence of new genotypes or sequence changes over time was observed. However, analysis of different samples withdrawn from the same patients at different time points revealed that the relative levels of replication of the individual HCMV genotypes changed within a mixed-genotype population upon reemergence of the virus. Our data show for the first time that, similar to what has been hypothesized for the murine model, HCMV reactivation in humans seems to occur stochastically.

Visualizations in Time for a New Look at the Movies

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-61
Author(s):  
Ana Jorge ◽  
Teresa Chambel
Keyword(s):  
Web Application ◽  
Time Dimension ◽  
Tag Clouds ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Complex Information ◽  
Art Form ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Movies are considered an important art form, a source of entertainment, and a powerful method for educating, having great power to affect us, perceptually, cognitively, and emotionally. A huge amount of movies and related information are becoming increasingly available due to technological advances, demanding new and more powerful ways to search, browse, and view this interesting but complex information space that changes over time. Time-oriented visualization can help to capture, express, understand, and effectively navigate movies over time: both the time when they were released, or viewed, and the time along which their contents are weaved, in each movie. This paper presents the design and evaluation of the authors' work towards the inclusion of the time dimension in 2D and 3D visualizations, based on colors and tag clouds, at the movies space level, and down to the individual movies in an interactive Web application to access, explore, and visualize movies based on the information conveyed in the different tracks or perspectives of its content, especially audio and subtitles where most of the semantics is expressed. Moreover, it is the authors' aim to help provide insights through analytical, ludic, or artistic uses, since it is the aim of these visualizations to provide non-usual kinds of search, whether the user wants a movie to watch or to be aware of the properties in its content. The authors tested the pertinence and effectiveness of the main visualizations, and the results provided a better understanding of what is more effective and appreciated, and encouraged them to continue extending and refining their work.

scholarly journals Thermoluminescence in suspended sediment of glacier meltwater streams

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (134) ◽  
pp. 158-166
Author(s):  
Alastair M.D Gemmell
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Sediment Load ◽  
Suspended Sediment Load ◽  
Flow Depth ◽  
Tl Dating ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Precipitation Events

AbstractTo determine the factors controlling natural levels of thermoluminescence (NTL) of fluvioglacially transported suspended sediment, samples were taken at hourly intervals from a meltwater stream emanating from Sólheimajökull in southern Iceland. The NTL of the samples were measured and compared with fluctuations in suspended-sediment load and in flow depth of the stream. It was found that the ratio of the 325°C and the 375°C regions of the NTL spectrum was more closely related to sediment load and flow depth than were the individual regions themselves. Analysis of the patterns suggests that NTL fluctuations are related to changes over time in the sources of sediment entrained by the stream. It is inferred that these changes relate to diurnal temperature cycles plus precipitation events. Such fluctuations raise doubts as to the validity of bulk sampling procedures in TL dating of Quaternary fluvioglacial sediments.

scholarly journals Thermoluminescence in suspended sediment of glacier meltwater streams

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (134) ◽  
pp. 158-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair M.D Gemmell
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Sediment Load ◽  
Suspended Sediment Load ◽  
Flow Depth ◽  
Tl Dating ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Precipitation Events

Abstract To determine the factors controlling natural levels of thermoluminescence (NTL) of fluvioglacially transported suspended sediment, samples were taken at hourly intervals from a meltwater stream emanating from Sólheimajökull in southern Iceland. The NTL of the samples were measured and compared with fluctuations in suspended-sediment load and in flow depth of the stream. It was found that the ratio of the 325°C and the 375°C regions of the NTL spectrum was more closely related to sediment load and flow depth than were the individual regions themselves. Analysis of the patterns suggests that NTL fluctuations are related to changes over time in the sources of sediment entrained by the stream. It is inferred that these changes relate to diurnal temperature cycles plus precipitation events. Such fluctuations raise doubts as to the validity of bulk sampling procedures in TL dating of Quaternary fluvioglacial sediments.

Withdrawal from Sport and Schlossberg’s Model of Transitions

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek A. Swain
Keyword(s):  
Career Change ◽  
Horse Racing ◽  
Common Experience ◽  
Transitional Experience ◽  
Personal Histories ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Over Time

The present study involved three in-depth interviews with 10 informants who had voluntarily withdrawn from hockey, horse racing, football, and racquet-ball. The personal histories of the informants were examined for diversity and commonality of experience. A synthesized description of career change experience was written as a general story, identifying a sequence of experiential units that reflect the shifts in focus within the common experience. The general story indicated that withdrawal from sport was not simply an event but a process that began soon after the athletes became engaged in their career. This study supports and extends a model proposed by Schlossberg (1984) which attempts to account for diversity in the experience of transitions. The model is considered helpful in developing an understanding of the process of a transitional experience such as retirement from sport, considering the context in which the experience takes place, the meaning it has for the individual, and how it changes over time.

Do care patterns change over time in a newly established mental health service? A report from the UK700 trial

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 300-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Fiander ◽  
T. Burns ◽  
O.C. Ukoumunne ◽  
T. Fahy ◽  
F. Creed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Derived Categories ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Care Patterns ◽  
Individualised Care ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

AbstractPurpose.Data on the process of mental health care is scant. Most studies focus on services at their inception when activity may be atypical and then usually present data only mean values for the reported variables over the whole study period. We aimed to test whether care delivery changes over time, and to describe any changes at the individual patient and team levels.Methods.Process data on 272 patients in three new intensive case management (ICM) teams were collected over 2 years. Interventions were prospectively recorded using clinician-derived categories. Changes over time are described at both patient and team level.Results.The number of contacts and the proportion of face-to-face activity were remarkably constant after the first month at the patient level. The proportion of ‘psychiatric’ interventions (main focus on medication or a specific ‘mental health’ intervention performed) increased greatly after the first 6 months. The care activity received by individual patients varied considerably. Overall, teams varied significantly in the extent to which their activity rates were sustained over time.Conclusions.New ICM teams deliver highly individualised care with more marked differences in treatment patterns between patients in the same team than mean differences between teams. The early ‘engagement’ period is marked by a greater focus on social care. There is evidence of differences in sustainability of the services by site.

Affective State and Voice: The Specific Properties of Overtone Distributions

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 44-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Stassen
Keyword(s):  
Affective State ◽  
Parameter Setting ◽  
Normative Study ◽  
Actual Distribution ◽  
Speech Characteristics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Spectral Patterns ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Estimation Of Time ◽  
Over Time

Motivated by psychiatric interests and as part of our investigations into the basic properties of human speech, we carried out a normative study with 192 healthy subjects - stratified according to sex, age and education - in order to derive reference values of the general population and to learn to distinguish between normal fluctuations and significant changes over time. In the present investigation, our interest focused on the individual sound characteristics of speakers (“timbre”) rather than on speech behavior. Accordingly, we determined the optimum parameter setting for a problem-specific, reliable estimation of time dependent spectra. An interval of one second length was found to be optimum for reproducibly assessing formants and corresponding band-widths for more than 95% of the cases. Based on these findings, we adapted the concept of “spectral patterns” to speech analysis. It turned out that spectral voice patterns are stable over time and measure the fine graduations of mutual differences between human voices. A highly reliable computerized recognition of persons was possible by means of these quantities, on the basis of 16-32 s time series: 93% of persons could be uniquely recognized after a 14-day interval. Hence, we succeeded in developing specific means for modelling intra-individual changes of voice timbres over time. This is of particular interest for investigations of the speech characteristics of affectively disturbed patients, since the tonal expressiveness of human voices, or the lack thereof, essentially depends on the actual distribution of overtones and the corresponding variabilities.

Evaluation of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 in lung transplant patients with human cytomegalovirus infection

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 687-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin Zedtwitz-Liebenstein ◽  
Peter Jaksch ◽  
Heinz Burgmann ◽  
Helmut Friehs ◽  
Roland Hofbauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Lung Transplant ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Transplant Patients ◽  
Human Cytomegalovirus Infection

Picturing Saul’s Vision on the Road to Damascus: A Question of Authority

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Thompson Prince
Keyword(s):  
Rhetorical Analysis ◽  
Reception History ◽  
The Road ◽  
Artistic Representations ◽  
Personal Authority ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Divine Guidance

Saul’s vision of the risen Jesus on the road to Damascus (Acts 9:1-9) has been a popular theme for artists over the centuries because it expresses something meaningful to both the artists and their audiences. Meaning, however, changes over time. My aim in this article is to explore how and why the narrative of Acts asserts the authority of Saul’s vision and how audience perception of this authority evolved over time, as evident in artistic representations of Saul’s vision. By employing literary and rhetorical analysis, I will clarify the claim that the author of Acts employs this vision as a reliable message from God by exploring two related issues: (1) the centrality of the life of the community to the function of the vision; and (2) the establishment of credibility by means of the shared visionary experiences of unrelated corroborative witnesses. However, as many visual interpretations of Saul’s vision indicate, the conception of this vision encounter as divine guidance for a whole community did not continue to be a central part of its value for later Christians. On the contrary, Paul’s personal authority and/or transformation become(s) the significant outcome of the vision for later audiences. Therefore, this article will also engage in the study of reception history to show how perception of the authority granted to this vision changed over time and ultimately reframed the power of the vision by elevating the transformation of the individual over the transformation of the community.


scholarly journals Kinship dynamics: patterns and consequences of changes in local relatedness

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1957) ◽  
pp. 20211129
Author(s):  
Darren P. Croft ◽  
Michael N. Weiss ◽  
Mia L. K. Nielsen ◽  
Charli Grimes ◽  
Michael A. Cant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Inclusive Fitness ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Life History Evolution ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Over Time

Mounting evidence suggests that patterns of local relatedness can change over time in predictable ways, a process termed kinship dynamics. Kinship dynamics may occur at the level of the population or social group, where the mean relatedness across all members of the population or group changes over time, or at the level of the individual, where an individual's relatedness to its local group changes with age. Kinship dynamics are likely to have fundamental consequences for the evolution of social behaviour and life history because they alter the inclusive fitness payoffs to actions taken at different points in time. For instance, growing evidence suggests that individual kinship dynamics have shaped the evolution of menopause and age-specific patterns of helping and harming. To date, however, the consequences of kinship dynamics for social evolution have not been widely explored. Here we review the patterns of kinship dynamics that can occur in natural populations and highlight how taking a kinship dynamics approach has yielded new insights into behaviour and life-history evolution. We discuss areas where analysing kinship dynamics could provide new insight into social evolution, and we outline some of the challenges in predicting and quantifying kinship dynamics in natural populations.

Experience-Based Learning and Market Change

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mats Jutterström
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Market Model ◽  
Market Change ◽  
Double Loop Learning ◽  
Experience Based Learning ◽  
Market Organization ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

This chapter describes radical change in market organization, addressing the questions of why and how market organization changes over time. The discussion is based on a case in which Stockholm Municipality, after outsourcing, tried to arrange the market for snow clearance from its position as a buyer. The type and amount of the market’s organization changed significantly over time—from a ‘free’ market with relatively little organization, eventually evolving into a ‘bureaucratized’ market with significant amounts of organization. Arguably, the shifting market organizational forms derived from organizers’ learning levels—single-loop and double-loop learning. Through higher levels of experience-based learning the standard market model of neoclassical economics lost some of its performative power over the individual market organization, opening it up for more unorthodox solutions.

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