Endogenous Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus Identified in a Rodent (Melomys burtoni subsp.) from Wallacea (Indonesia)

ABSTRACTGibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) and koala retrovirus (KoRV) most likely originated from a cross-species transmission of an ancestral retrovirus into koalas and gibbons via one or more intermediate as-yet-unknown hosts. A virus highly similar to GALV has been identified in an Australian native rodent (Melomys burtoni) after extensive screening of Australian wildlife. GALV-like viruses have also been discovered in several Southeast Asian species, although screening has not been extensive and viruses discovered to date are only distantly related to GALV. We therefore screened 26 Southeast Asian rodent species for KoRV- and GALV-like sequences, using hybridization capture and high-throughput sequencing, in the attempt to identify potential GALV and KoRV hosts. Only the individuals belonging to a newly discovered subspecies ofMelomysburtonifrom Indonesia were positive, yielding an endogenous provirus very closely related to a strain of GALV. The sequence of the critical receptor domain for GALV infection in the IndonesianM. burtonisubsp. was consistent with the susceptibility of the species to GALV infection. The second record of a GALV inM. burtoniprovides further evidence thatM. burtoni, and potentially other lineages within the widespread subfamilyMurinae, may play a role in the spread of GALV-like viruses. The discovery of a GALV in the most western part of the Australo-Papuan distribution ofM. burtoni, specifically in a transitional zone between Asia and Australia (Wallacea), may be relevant to the cross-species transmission to gibbons in Southeast Asia and broadens the known distribution of GALVs in wild rodents.IMPORTANCEGibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) and the koala retrovirus (KoRV) are very closely related, yet their hosts neither are closely related nor overlap geographically. Direct cross-species infection between koalas and gibbons is unlikely. Therefore, GALV and KoRV may have arisen via a cross-species transfer from an intermediate host whose range overlaps those of both gibbons and koalas. Using hybridization capture and high-throughput sequencing, we have screened a wide range of rodent candidate hosts from Southeast Asia for KoRV- and GALV-like sequences. Only aMelomysburtonisubspecies from Wallacea (Indonesia) was positive for GALV. We report the genome sequence of this newly identified GALV, the critical domain for infection of its potential cellular receptor, and its phylogenetic relationships with the other previously characterized GALVs. We hypothesize thatMelomysburtoni, and potentially related lineages with an Australo-Papuan distribution, may have played a key role in cross-species transmission to other taxa.

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Comparative practices of food label claims from US, EU and selected Southeast Asian countries

Journal of Consumer Marketing ◽

10.1108/jcm-10-2014-1191 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 32 (7) ◽

pp. 530-541 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

May O. Lwin

Keyword(s):

Southeast Asia ◽

Food Products ◽

Southeast Asian ◽

Food Labels ◽

Food Label ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Content Type ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Usa ◽

Southeast Asian Countries

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to fulfil gaps in knowledge regarding food packaging practices in Southeast Asia by examining the informational content of food labels on a variety of packaged foods. Design/methodology/approach – Using local and imported food products found in supermarkets in Singapore, a quantitative content analysis of food label claims in a wide range of packaged food products was conducted. A codebook was developed to capture the attributes of the food labels and claims, content categories, product names, food categories, sources of manufacture and countries of brand origin. The three main regions of analysis of country of manufacture were the USA, European Union (EU) and Southeast Asia. Findings – Analysis of food products manufactured in five Southeast Asian countries revealed the presence of various claims in food products, and a number of specific claims exceeded the percentages found in products from the USA or EU. The results showed that a significant proportion of products from Southeast Asian countries display nutrient content and nutrient function claims, as well as general marketing claims and non-nutrient claims. However, there were variations in practice amongst the five Southeast Asian countries. Research limitations/implications – The sample was limited in being collected from one geographic location. Future research needs to expand data collection both geographically and longitudinally. Practical implications – The findings are valuable for the national health authorities in addressing policies on food package labelling, and homogenization efforts pertaining to regional/international labelling policies. These in turn could influence food marketing practices. Social implications – The findings are useful in crafting educational programming and guidelines for health and nutrition education. Originality/value – This research is the first to explore food labelling practices in multiple Southeast Asian countries and compare them cross-sectionally with EU and US practices.

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Development of a capture sequencing assay for enhanced detection and genotyping of tick-borne pathogens

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-91956-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Komal Jain ◽

Teresa Tagliafierro ◽

Adriana Marques ◽

Santiago Sanchez-Vicente ◽

Alper Gokden ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Throughput ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Fold Increase ◽

The United States ◽

Genomic Research ◽

Babesia Microti ◽

Hybridization Capture ◽

Mouse Tissues ◽

Genome Analyses ◽

Capture Sequencing

AbstractInadequate sensitivity has been the primary limitation for implementing high-throughput sequencing for studies of tick-borne agents. Here we describe the development of TBDCapSeq, a sequencing assay that uses hybridization capture probes that cover the complete genomes of the eleven most common tick-borne agents found in the United States. The probes are used for solution-based capture and enrichment of pathogen nucleic acid followed by high-throughput sequencing. We evaluated the performance of TBDCapSeq to surveil samples that included human whole blood, mouse tissues, and field-collected ticks. For Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti, the sensitivity of TBDCapSeq was comparable and occasionally exceeded the performance of agent-specific quantitative PCR and resulted in 25 to > 10,000-fold increase in pathogen reads when compared to standard unbiased sequencing. TBDCapSeq also enabled genome analyses directly within vertebrate and tick hosts. The implementation of TBDCapSeq could have major impact in studies of tick-borne pathogens by improving detection and facilitating genomic research that was previously unachievable with standard sequencing approaches.

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Identifying the Active Microbiome Associated with Roots and Rhizosphere Soil of Oilseed Rape

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.01938-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 83 (22) ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Konstantia Gkarmiri ◽

Shahid Mahmood ◽

Alf Ekblad ◽

Sadhna Alström ◽

Nils Högberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Brassica Napus ◽

Stable Isotope ◽

Oilseed Rape ◽

High Throughput ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Rhizosphere Soil ◽

Stable Isotope Probing ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Content Type ◽

Bacteria And Fungi

ABSTRACT RNA stable isotope probing and high-throughput sequencing were used to characterize the active microbiomes of bacteria and fungi colonizing the roots and rhizosphere soil of oilseed rape to identify taxa assimilating plant-derived carbon following 13CO2 labeling. Root- and rhizosphere soil-associated communities of both bacteria and fungi differed from each other, and there were highly significant differences between their DNA- and RNA-based community profiles. Verrucomicrobia, Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi were the most active bacterial phyla in the rhizosphere soil. Bacteroidetes were more active in roots. The most abundant bacterial genera were well represented in both the 13C- and 12C-RNA fractions, while the fungal taxa were more differentiated. Streptomyces, Rhizobium, and Flavobacterium were dominant in roots, whereas Rhodoplanes and Sphingomonas (Kaistobacter) were dominant in rhizosphere soil. “Candidatus Nitrososphaera” was enriched in 13C in rhizosphere soil. Olpidium and Dendryphion were abundant in the 12C-RNA fraction of roots; Clonostachys was abundant in both roots and rhizosphere soil and heavily 13C enriched. Cryptococcus was dominant in rhizosphere soil and less abundant, but was 13C enriched in roots. The patterns of colonization and C acquisition revealed in this study assist in identifying microbial taxa that may be superior competitors for plant-derived carbon in the rhizosphere of Brassica napus. IMPORTANCE This microbiome study characterizes the active bacteria and fungi colonizing the roots and rhizosphere soil of Brassica napus using high-throughput sequencing and RNA-stable isotope probing. It identifies taxa assimilating plant-derived carbon following 13CO2 labeling and compares these with other less active groups not incorporating a plant assimilate. Brassica napus is an economically and globally important oilseed crop, cultivated for edible oil, biofuel production, and phytoextraction of heavy metals; however, it is susceptible to several diseases. The identification of the fungal and bacterial species successfully competing for plant-derived carbon, enabling them to colonize the roots and rhizosphere soil of this plant, should enable the identification of microorganisms that can be evaluated in more detailed functional studies and ultimately be used to improve plant health and productivity in sustainable agriculture.

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Nexus between Southeast Asian stock markets, bitcoin and gold: spillover effect before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Journal of Asia Business Studies ◽

10.1108/jabs-02-2021-0050 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Yosuke Kakinuma

Keyword(s):

Southeast Asia ◽

Stock Markets ◽

Spillover Effect ◽

Spillover Effects ◽

Southeast Asian ◽

Series Data ◽

Financial Assets ◽

Volatility Spillover ◽

Content Type ◽

Asset Classes

Purpose This study aims to provide empirical evidence on the return and volatility spillover effects between Southeast Asian stock markets, bitcoin and gold in the periods before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The interdependence among different asset classes, the two leading stock markets in Southeast Asia (Singapore and Thailand), bitcoin and gold, is analyzed for diversification opportunities. Design/methodology/approach The vector autoregressive-Baba, Engle, Kraft, and Kroner-generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model is used to capture the return and volatility spillover effects between different financial assets. The data cover the period from October 2013 to May 2021. The full period is divided into two sub-sample periods, the pre-pandemic period and the during-pandemic period, to examine whether the financial turbulence caused by COVID-19 affects the interconnectedness between the assets. Findings The stocks in Southeast Asia, bitcoin and gold become more interdependent during the pandemic. During turbulent times, the contagion effect is inevitable regardless of region and asset class. Furthermore, bitcoin does not provide protection for investors in Southeast Asia. The pricing mechanism and technology behind bitcoin are different from common stocks, yet the results indicate the co-movement of bitcoin and the Singaporean and Thai stocks during the crisis. Finally, risk-averse investors should ensure that gold constitutes a significant proportion of their portfolio, approximately 40%–55%. This strategy provides the most effective hedge against risk. Originality/value The mean return and volatility spillover is analyzed between bitcoin, gold and two preeminent stock markets in Southeast Asia. Most prior studies test the spillover effect between the same asset classes such as equities in different regions or different commodities, currencies and cryptocurrencies. Moreover, the time-series data are divided into two groups based on the structural break caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings of this study offer practical implications for risk management and portfolio diversification. Diversification opportunities are becoming scarce as different financial assets witness increasing integration.

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Accurate detection for a wide range of mutation and editing sites of microRNAs from small RNA high-throughput sequencing profiles

Nucleic Acids Research ◽

10.1093/nar/gkw471 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 44 (14) ◽

pp. e123-e123 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Yun Zheng ◽

Bo Ji ◽

Renhua Song ◽

Shengpeng Wang ◽

Ting Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Throughput ◽

Small Rna ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Accurate Detection ◽

Wide Range

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Elucidation of Insertion Elements Carried on Plasmids andIn VitroConstruction of Shuttle Vectors from the Toxic Cyanobacterium Planktothrix

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.01188-14 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 80 (16) ◽

pp. 4887-4897 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Guntram Christiansen ◽

Alexander Goesmann ◽

Rainer Kurmayer

Keyword(s):

Homologous Recombination ◽

High Throughput ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Gene Clusters ◽

Content Type ◽

Shuttle Vectors ◽

Is Element ◽

Toxic Cyanobacterium ◽

Is Elements

ABSTRACTSeveral gene clusters that are responsible for toxin synthesis in bloom-forming cyanobacteria have been found to be associated with transposable elements (TEs). In particular, insertion sequence (IS) elements were shown to play a role in the inactivation or recombination of the genes responsible for cyanotoxin synthesis. Plasmids have been considered important vectors of IS element distribution to the host. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the IS elements propagated on the plasmids and the chromosome of the toxic cyanobacteriumPlanktothrix agardhiiNIVA-CYA126/8 by means of high-throughput sequencing. In total, five plasmids (pPA5.5, pPA14, pPA50, pPA79, and pPA115, of 5, 6, 50, 79, and 120 kbp, respectively) were elucidated, and two plasmids (pPA5.5, pPA115) were found to propagate full IS element copies. Large stretches of shared DNA information between plasmids were constituted of TEs. Two plasmids (pPA5.5, pPA14) were used as candidates to engineer shuttle vectors (named pPA5.5SV and pPA14SV, respectively)in vitroby PCR amplification and the subsequent transposition of the Tn5 cattransposon containing the R6Kγ origin of replication ofEscherichia coli. While pPA5.5SV was found to be fully segregated, pPA14SV consistently co-occurred with its wild-type plasmid even under the highest selective pressure. Interestingly, the Tn5 cattransposon became transferred by homologous recombination into another plasmid, pPA50. The availability of shuttle vectors is considered to be of relevance in investigating genome plasticity as a consequence of homologous recombination events. Combining the potential of high-throughput sequencing andin vitroproduction of shuttle vectors makes it simple to produce species-specific shuttle vectors for many cultivable prokaryotes.

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Dominant Tree Species and Soil Type Affect the Fungal Community Structure in a Boreal Peatland Forest

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.03858-15 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 82 (9) ◽

pp. 2632-2643 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Hui Sun ◽

Eeva Terhonen ◽

Andriy Kovalchuk ◽

Hanna Tuovila ◽

Hongxin Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Community Composition ◽

High Throughput ◽

Fungal Community ◽

Tree Species ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Fungal Community Composition ◽

Content Type ◽

Boreal Peatlands

ABSTRACTBoreal peatlands play a crucial role in global carbon cycling, acting as an important carbon reservoir. However, little information is available on how peatland microbial communities are influenced by natural variability or human-induced disturbances. In this study, we have investigated the fungal diversity and community structure of both the organic soil layer and buried wood in boreal forest soils using high-throughput sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. We have also compared the fungal communities during the primary colonization of wood with those of the surrounding soils. A permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) confirmed that the community composition significantly differed between soil types (P< 0.001) and tree species (P< 0.001). The distance-based linear models analysis showed that environmental variables were significantly correlated with community structure (P< 0.04). The availability of soil nutrients (Ca [P= 0.002], Fe [P= 0.003], and P [P= 0.003]) within the site was an important factor in the fungal community composition. The species richness in wood was significantly lower than in the corresponding soil (P< 0.004). The results of the molecular identification were supplemented by fruiting body surveys. Seven of the genera ofAgaricomycotinaidentified in our surveys were among the top 20 genera observed in pyrosequencing data. Our study is the first, to our knowledge, fungal high-throughput next-generation sequencing study performed on peatlands; it further provides a baseline for the investigation of the dynamics of the fungal community in the boreal peatlands.

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Bacterial Community Shift and Coexisting/Coexcluding Patterns Revealed by Network Analysis in a Uranium-Contaminated Site after Bioreduction Followed by Reoxidation

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.02885-17 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 84 (9) ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Bing Li ◽

Wei-Min Wu ◽

David B. Watson ◽

Erick Cardenas ◽

Yuanqing Chao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Network Analysis ◽

High Throughput ◽

Bacterial Communities ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Ecological Niches ◽

Content Type ◽

Oak Ridge ◽

Α Diversity ◽

Before And After

ABSTRACTA site in Oak Ridge, TN, USA, has sediments that contain >3% iron oxides and is contaminated with uranium (U). The U(VI) was bioreduced to U(IV) and immobilizedin situthrough intermittent injections of ethanol. It then was allowed to reoxidize via the invasion of low-pH (3.6 to 4.0), high-nitrate (up to 200 mM) groundwater back into the reduced zone for 1,383 days. To examine the biogeochemical response, high-throughput sequencing and network analysis were applied to characterize bacterial population shifts, as well as cooccurrence and coexclusion patterns among microbial communities. A pairedttest indicated no significant changes of α-diversity for the bioactive wells. However, both nonmetric multidimensional scaling and analysis of similarity confirmed a significant distinction in the overall composition of the bacterial communities between the bioreduced and the reoxidized sediments. The top 20 major genera accounted for >70% of the cumulative contribution to the dissimilarity in the bacterial communities before and after the groundwater invasion.Castellaniellahad the largest dissimilarity contribution (17.7%). For the bioactive wells, the abundance of the U(VI)-reducing generaGeothrix,Desulfovibrio,Ferribacterium, andGeobacterdecreased significantly, whereas the denitrifyingAcidovoraxabundance increased significantly after groundwater invasion. Additionally, seven genera, i.e.,Castellaniella,Ignavibacterium,Simplicispira,Rhizomicrobium,AcidobacteriaGp1,AcidobacteriaGp14, andAcidobacteriaGp23, were significant indicators of bioactive wells in the reoxidation stage. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that nitrate, manganese, and pH affected mostly the U(VI)-reducing genera and indicator genera. Cooccurrence patterns among microbial taxa suggested the presence of taxa sharing similar ecological niches or mutualism/commensalism/synergism interactions.IMPORTANCEHigh-throughput sequencing technology in combination with a network analysis approach were used to investigate the stabilization of uranium and the corresponding dynamics of bacterial communities under field conditions with regard to the heterogeneity and complexity of the subsurface over the long term. The study also examined diversity and microbial community composition shift, the common genera, and indicator genera before and after long-term contaminated-groundwater invasion and the relationship between the target functional community structure and environmental factors. Additionally, deciphering cooccurrence and coexclusion patterns among microbial taxa and environmental parameters could help predict potential biotic interactions (cooperation/competition), shared physiologies, or habitat affinities, thus, improving our understanding of ecological niches occupied by certain specific species. These findings offer new insights into compositions of and associations among bacterial communities and serve as a foundation for future bioreduction implementation and monitoring efforts applied to uranium-contaminated sites.

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Characterization of Intracellular Growth RegulatoricgRby Utilizing Transcriptomics To Identify Mediators of Pathogenesis in Shigella flexneri

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.00537-13 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 81 (9) ◽

pp. 3068-3076 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Carolyn R. Morris ◽

Christen L. Grassel ◽

Julia C. Redman ◽

Jason W. Sahl ◽

Eileen M. Barry ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Throughput ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Diarrheal Disease ◽

Intracellular Growth ◽

Bioinformatics Analyses ◽

Content Type ◽

Regulatory Pathways

ABSTRACTShigellaspecies Gram-negative bacteria which cause a diarrheal disease, known as shigellosis, by invading and destroying the colonic mucosa and inducing a robust inflammatory response. With no vaccine available, shigellosis annually kills over 600,000 children in developing countries. This study demonstrates the utility of combining high-throughput bioinformatic methods within vitroandin vivoassays to provide new insights into pathogenesis. Comparisons ofin vivoandin vitrogene expression identified genes associated with intracellular growth. Additional bioinformatics analyses identified genes that are present inS. flexneriisolates but not in the three otherShigellaspecies. Comparison of these two analyses revealed nine genes that are differentially expressed during invasion and that are specific toS. flexneri. One gene, a DeoR family transcriptional regulator with decreased expression during invasion, was further characterized and is now designatedicgR, forintracellulargrowthregulator. Deletion oficgRcaused no difference in growthin vitrobut resulted in increased intracellular replication in HCT-8 cells. Furtherin vitroandin vivostudies using high-throughput sequencing of RNA transcripts (RNA-seq) of an isogenic ΔicgRmutant identified 34 genes that were upregulated under both growth conditions. This combined informatics and functional approach has allowed the characterization of a gene and pathway previously unknown inShigellapathogenesis and provides a framework for further identification of novel virulence factors and regulatory pathways.

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Integration between East and Southeast Asian equity markets

Journal of Financial Economic Policy ◽

10.1108/jfep-02-2014-0012 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 104-121 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Nuruzzaman Arsyad

Keyword(s):

Southeast Asia ◽

Financial Crises ◽

Market Integration ◽

Financial Integration ◽

Equity Markets ◽

Equity Market ◽

Southeast Asian ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Content Type ◽

East And Southeast Asia

Purpose – This paper aims to seek to find answers to three questions. First, is there any possibility of long-term cointegration between East and Southeast Asian equity markets? If so, how many cointegrating equations are there? Second, what are the short-term causal relationships between equity markets in East and Southeast Asia? Third, what is the East Asia’s most influential equity market toward their Southeast counterparts, and vice versa? Design/methodology/approach – This study uses Johansen's (1988) cointegration method to test long-run relationships among East and Southeast Asian equity markets. With regards to short-run causal relationships, this study uses Granger-causality test as well as the forecast variance decomposition method. Findings – Johansen test proves that there is cointegration between East and Southeast Asian equity markets, but the integration process is not complete. Cointegrating vector also provides evidence that member countries of ASEAN+3 respond differently to external shocks. With regards to short-run causal direction, this study finds that Japan Granger-causes all equity markets in Southeast Asia, while Singapore and Vietnam Granger-cause all equity markets in East Asia. These results imply that Japan is the market with most linkages in Southeast Asia, while Singapore and Vietnam are the markets with most linkages to East Asia. Furthermore, forecast variance decomposition reveals that Japan is the East Asia’s most influential equity markets, while Singapore is the most influential equity market in Southeast Asia. This study suggests that policymakers in East and Southeast Asian countries to synchronize the capital market standards and regulations as well as to reduce the barriers for capital mobility to spur the regional equity market integration. Research limitations/implications – Increasing integration of East and Southeast Asian capital markets forces policymakers in ASEAN+3 countries to synchronize monetary policies, as it has been found that regionally integrated capital markets reduce the degree of independent monetary policy (Logue et al., 1976). It is therefore important for policymakers in East and Southeast Asian countries to assess the possibility of stock market integration within this region to anticipate the future risks associated with economic integration as well as to build collective regional institutions (Wang, 2004). Click and Plummer (2005) also argued that integrated stock markets is more efficient than nationally segmented equity markets, and the efficiency of Asian capital markets has been questioned in particular after the 1997 Asian financial crises. Yet, the empirical evidence on the extent of financial integration among ASEAN+3 member countries has been limited and inconclusive. This study is therefore an attempt to investigate the recent development of ASEAN+3 equity markets integration. Practical implications – This study focuses its attention on the existence and the extent of financial integration in East and Southeast Asia region, and it provides evidence that equity market integration in ASEAN+3 is far from complete, and for that reason, there is a need for policymakers in ASEAN+3 member countries to synchronize their standards and regulations. Furthermore, the policymakers in East and Southeast Asia can gain benefit from this study, as it provides the evidence that ASEAN+3 member countries respond differently to policy shocks, which may hinder the development of regional financial integration as well as the policy effectiveness of region-wide authority in ASEAN+3. Originality/value – This research is different from previous studies, as it puts the regional financial integration within the context of ASEAN+3 frameworks. Unlike previous research that considers East and Southeast Asian countries as an individual entity, this research considers East and Southeast Asia into two different blocks, following Tourk (2004) who documented that negotiation process for ASEAN+3 financial integration is conducted in sub-regional level (ASEAN vs East Asia), rather than national level (country per country basis). Second, this study covers the period after the 1997 Asian financial crisis. As suggested in Wang (2014), that the degree of stock market integration tends to change around the periods marked by financial crises, the updated study on Asian financial integration in the aftermath of 1997 financial crises is important to document the development of regional financial integration.

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