scholarly journals Role of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 γ34.5 in the Regulation of IRF3 Signaling

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Manivanh ◽  
Jesse Mehrbach ◽  
David M. Knipe ◽  
David A. Leib
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Binding Domain ◽  
Type I Interferons ◽  
Type I ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ◽  
Infection Pattern ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACT During viral infection, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and their associated adaptors recruit TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) to activate interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), resulting in production of type I interferons (IFNs). ICP0 and ICP34.5 are among the proteins encoded by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) that modulate type I IFN signaling. We constructed a recombinant virus (ΔXX) that lacks amino acids 87 to 106, a portion of the previously described TBK1-binding domain of the γ34.5 gene (D. Verpooten, Y. Ma, S. Hou, Z. Yan, and B. He, J Biol Chem 284:1097–1105, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1074/JBC.M805905200 ). These 20 residues are outside the γ34.5 beclin1-binding domain (BBD) that interacts with beclin1 and regulates autophagy. Unexpectedly, ΔXX showed no deficit in replication in vivo in a variety of tissues and showed virulence comparable to that of wild-type and marker-rescued viruses following intracerebral infection. ΔXX was fully capable of mediating the dephosphorylation of eIF2α, and the virus was capable of controlling the phosphorylation of IRF3. In contrast, a null mutant in γ34.5 failed to control IRF3 phosphorylation due to an inability of the mutant to sustain expression of ICP0. Our data show that while γ34.5 regulates IRF3 phosphorylation, the TBK1-binding domain itself has no impact on IRF3 phosphorylation or on replication and pathogenesis in mice. IMPORTANCE Interferons (IFNs) are potent activators of a variety of host responses that serve to control virus infections. The Herpesviridae have evolved countermeasures to IFN responses. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encodes the multifunctional neurovirulence protein ICP34.5. In this study, we investigated the biological relevance of the interaction between ICP34.5 and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), an activator of IFN responses. Here, we establish that although ICP34.5 binds TBK1 under certain conditions through a TBK1-binding domain (TBD), there was no direct impact of the TBD on viral replication or virulence in mice. Furthermore, we showed that activation of IRF3, a substrate of TBK1, was independent of the TBD. Instead, we provided evidence that the ability of ICP34.5 to control IRF3 activation is through its ability to reverse translational shutoff and sustain the expression of other IFN inhibitors encoded by the virus. This work provides new insights into the immunomodulatory functions of ICP34.5.

scholarly journals STING controls Herpes Simplex Virus in vivo independent of type I interferon induction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lívia H. Yamashiro ◽  
Stephen C. Wilson ◽  
Huntly M. Morrison ◽  
Vasiliki Karalis ◽  
Jing-Yi J. Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Type I Interferons ◽  
Type I ◽  
Independent Functions ◽  
Sting Pathway ◽  
Primary Output ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

AbstractThe Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway initiates potent immune responses upon recognition of DNA derived from bacteria, viruses and tumors. To signal, the C-terminal tail (CTT) of STING recruits TBK1, a kinase that phosphorylates serine 365 (S365) in the CTT. Phospho-S365 acts as a docking site for IRF3, a transcription factor that is phosphorylated and activated by TBK1, leading to transcriptional induction of type I interferons (IFNs). IFNs are essential for antiviral immunity and are widely viewed as the primary output of STING signaling in mammals. However, other more evolutionarily ancestral responses, such as induction of NF-κB or autophagy, also occur downstream of STING. The relative importance of the various outputs of STING signaling during in vivo infections is unclear. Here we report that mice harboring a serine 365-to-alanine (S365A) point mutation in STING exhibit normal susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection but, unexpectedly, are resistant to Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)-1, despite lacking STING-induced type I IFN responses. Likewise, we find Irf3-/- mice exhibit resistance to HSV-1. By contrast, resistance to HSV-1 is abolished in mice lacking the STING CTT or TBK1, suggesting that STING protects against HSV-1 upon TBK1 recruitment by the STING CTT, independent of IRF3 or type I IFNs. Interestingly, we find that STING-induced autophagy is a TBK1-dependent IRF3-independent process that is conserved in the STING S365A mice, and autophagy has previously been shown to be required for resistance to HSV-1. We thus propose that autophagy and perhaps other ancestral interferon-independent functions of STING are required for STING-dependent antiviral responses in vivo.

scholarly journals Herpes simplex virus 1 targets IRF7 via ICP0 to limit type I IFN induction

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Shahnazaryan ◽  
Rana Khalil ◽  
Claire Wynne ◽  
Caroline A. Jefferies ◽  
Joan Ní Gabhann-Dromgoole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type I Ifn ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

AbstractHerpes simplex keratitis (HSK), caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, is the commonest cause of infectious blindness in the developed world. Following infection the virus is initially suspended in the tear film, where it encounters a multi-pronged immune response comprising enzymes, complement, immunoglobulins and crucially, a range of anti-viral and pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, given that HSV-1 can overcome innate immune responses to establish lifelong latency throughout a susceptible individual’s lifetime, there is significant interest in understanding the mechanisms employed by HSV-1 to downregulate the anti-viral type I interferon (IFN) mediated immune responses. This study aimed to investigate the interactions between infected cell protein (ICP)0 and key elements of the IFN pathway to identify possible novel targets that contribute to viral immune evasion. Reporter gene assays demonstrated the ability of ICP0 to inhibit type I IFN activity downstream of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) which are known to be involved in host antiviral defences. Further experiments identified interferon regulatory factor (IRF)7, a driver of type I IFN, as a potential target for ICP0. These findings increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of HSK and suggest IRF7 as a potential therapeutic target.

scholarly journals Structural Variability of the Herpes Simplex Virus 1 GenomeIn VitroandIn Vivo

2012 ◽  
Vol 86 (16) ◽  
pp. 8592-8601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Mahiet ◽  
Ayla Ergani ◽  
Nicolas Huot ◽  
Nicolas Alende ◽  
Ahmed Azough ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Inverted Repeats ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ◽  
Cell Extracts ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a human pathogen that leads to recurrent facial-oral lesions. Its 152-kb genome is organized in two covalently linked segments, each composed of a unique sequence flanked by inverted repeats. Replication of the HSV-1 genome produces concatemeric molecules in which homologous recombination events occur between the inverted repeats. This mechanism leads to four genome isomers (termed P, IS, IL, and ILS) that differ in the relative orientations of their unique fragments. Molecular combing analysis was performed on DNA extracted from viral particles and BSR, Vero, COS-7, and Neuro-2a cells infected with either strain SC16 or KOS of HSV-1, as well as from tissues of experimentally infected mice. Using fluorescence hybridization, isomers were repeatedly detected and distinguished and were accompanied by a large proportion of noncanonical forms (40%). In both cell and viral-particle extracts, the distributions of the four isomers were statistically equivalent, except for strain KOS grown in Vero and Neuro-2a cells, in which P and IS isomers were significantly overrepresented. In infected cell extracts, concatemeric molecules as long as 10 genome equivalents were detected, among which, strikingly, the isomer distributions were equivalent, suggesting that any such imbalance may occur during encapsidation.In vivo, for strain KOS-infected trigeminal ganglia, an unbalanced distribution distinct from the onein vitrowas observed, along with a considerable proportion of noncanonical assortment.

scholarly journals Restoring Herpesvirus Entry Mediator (HVEM) Immune Function in HVEM−/− Mice Rescues Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Latency and Reactivation Independently of Binding to Glycoprotein D

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kati Tormanen ◽  
Shaohui Wang ◽  
Ujjaldeep Jaggi ◽  
Homayon Ghiasi
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Glycoprotein D ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACT The immune modulatory protein herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) is one of several cellular receptors used by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) for cell entry. HVEM binds to HSV-1 glycoprotein D (gD) but is not necessary for HSV-1 replication in vitro or in vivo. Previously, we showed that although HSV-1 replication was similar in wild-type (WT) control and HVEM−/− mice, HSV-1 does not establish latency or reactivate effectively in mice lacking HVEM, suggesting that HVEM is important for these functions. It is not known whether HVEM immunomodulatory functions contribute to latency and reactivation or whether its binding to gD is necessary. We used HVEM−/− mice to establish three transgenic mouse lines that express either human WT HVEM or human or mouse HVEM with a point mutation that ablates its ability to bind to gD. Here, we show that HVEM immune function, not its ability to bind gD, is required for WT levels of latency and reactivation. We further show that HVEM binding to gD does not affect expression of the HVEM ligands BTLA, CD160, or LIGHT. Interestingly, our results suggest that binding of HVEM to gD may contribute to efficient upregulation of CD8α but not PD1, TIM-3, CTLA4, or interleukin 2 (IL-2). Together, our results establish that HVEM immune function, not binding to gD, mediates establishment of latency and reactivation. IMPORTANCE HSV-1 is a common cause of ocular infections worldwide and a significant cause of preventable blindness. Corneal scarring and blindness are consequences of the immune response induced by repeated reactivation events. Therefore, HSV-1 therapeutic approaches should focus on preventing latency and reactivation. Our data suggest that the immune function of HVEM plays an important role in the HSV-1 latency and reactivation cycle that is independent of HVEM binding to gD.

scholarly journals The Solute Carrier Transporter SLC15A3 Participates in Antiviral Innate Immune Responses against Herpes Simplex Virus-1

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longzhen He ◽  
Baocheng Wang ◽  
Yuanyuan Li ◽  
Leqing Zhu ◽  
Peiling Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Type I ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

The innate immune response is the first line defense against viral infections. Novel genes involved in this system are continuing to emerge. SLC15A3, a proton-coupled histidine and di-tripeptide transporter that was previously found in lysosomes, has been reported to inhibit chikungunya viral replication in host cells. In this study, we found that SLC15A3 was significantly induced by DNA virus herpes simplex virus-1(HSV-1) in monocytes from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Aside from monocytes, it can also be induced by HSV-1 in 293T, HeLa cells, and HaCaT cells. Overexpression of SLC15A3 in 293T cells inhibits HSV-1 replication and enhances type I and type III interferon (IFN) responses, while silencing SLC15A3 leads to enhanced HSV-1 replication with reduced IFN production. Moreover, we found that SLC15A3 interacted with MAVS and STING and potentiated MAVS- and STING-mediated IFN production. These results demonstrate that SLC15A3 participates in anti-HSV-1 innate immune responses by regulating MAVS- and STING-mediated signaling pathways.

scholarly journals Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Interaction with Myeloid CellsIn Vivo

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (19) ◽  
pp. 8661-8672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maitreyi Shivkumar ◽  
Clara Lawler ◽  
Ricardo Milho ◽  
Philip G. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Myeloid Cells ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Type I ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Systemic Spread ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACTHerpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) enters mice via olfactory epithelial cells and then colonizes the trigeminal ganglia (TG). Most TG nerve endings are subepithelial, so this colonization implies subepithelial viral spread, where myeloid cells provide an important line of defense. The outcome of infection of myeloid cells by HSV-1in vitrodepends on their differentiation state; the outcomein vivois unknown. Epithelial HSV-1 commonly infected myeloid cells, and Cre-Lox virus marking showed nose and lung infections passing through LysM-positive (LysM+) and CD11c+cells. In contrast, subcapsular sinus macrophages (SSMs) exposed to lymph-borne HSV-1 were permissive only when type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling was blocked; normally, their infection was suppressed. Thus, the outcome of myeloid cell infection helped to determine the HSV-1 distribution: subepithelial myeloid cells provided a route of spread from the olfactory epithelium to TG neurons, while SSMs blocked systemic spread.IMPORTANCEHerpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infects most people and can cause severe disease. This reflects its persistence in nerve cells that connect to the mouth, nose, eye, and face. Established infection seems impossible to clear. Therefore, we must understand how it starts. This is difficult in humans, but mice show HSV-1 entry via the nose and then spread to its preferred nerve cells. We show that this spread proceeds in part via myeloid cells, which normally function in host defense. Myeloid infection was productive in some settings but was efficiently suppressed by interferon in others. Therefore, interferon acting on myeloid cells can stop HSV-1 spread, and enhancing this defense offers a way to improve infection control.

scholarly journals Effects of Phosphorylation of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Envelope Glycoprotein B by Us3 Kinase In Vivo and In Vitro

2009 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiko Imai ◽  
Ken Sagou ◽  
Jun Arii ◽  
Yasushi Kawaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Envelope Glycoprotein ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Glycoprotein B ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACT We recently reported that the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) Us3 protein kinase phosphorylates threonine at position 887 (Thr-887) in the cytoplasmic tail of envelope glycoprotein B (gB) (A. Kato, J. Arii, I. Shiratori, H. Akashi, H. Arase, and Y. Kawaguchi, J. Virol. 83:250-261, 2009; T. Wisner, C. C. Wright, A. Kato, Y. Kawaguchi, F. Mou, J. D. Baines, R. J. Roller and D. C. Johnson, J. Virol. 83:3115-3126, 2009). In the studies reported here, we examined the effect(s) of this phosphorylation on viral replication and pathogenesis in vivo and present data showing that replacement of gB Thr-887 by alanine significantly reduced viral replication in the mouse cornea and development of herpes stroma keratitis and periocular skin disease in mice. The same effects have been reported for mice infected with a recombinant HSV-1 carrying a kinase-inactive mutant of Us3. These observations suggested that Us3 phosphorylation of gB Thr-887 played a critical role in viral replication in vivo and in HSV-1 pathogenesis. In addition, we generated a monoclonal antibody that specifically reacted with phosphorylated gB Thr-887 and used this antibody to show that Us3 phosphorylation of gB Thr-887 regulated subcellular localization of gB, particularly on the cell surface of infected cells.

scholarly journals Type I Interferons in Newborns—Neurotoxicity versus Antiviral Defense

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dusan Bogunovic
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Type I Interferons ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Anatomical Site ◽  
Type I ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ◽  
Replication Control ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACT In most children and adults, primary infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is asymptomatic. However, very rarely (incidence of 1 in 1,000,000), it can cause herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). HSE also occurs in infants but with a much starker incidence of one in three. This age difference in susceptibility to HSV-1-caused HSE is not well understood. In a recent article in mBio , authors have identified the choroid plexus as the anatomical site of robust HSV-1 replication in the brain. They point to low levels of type I interferon (IFN) receptor as causal of the lack of HSV-1 replication control in neonates, in contrast to adults. Here, I discuss these findings in the context of human genetic evidence. I point to the balancing act of type I IFN acting as a neurotoxin and an antiviral agent, an evolutionary choice of a lesser evil.

scholarly journals RIG-I-Mediated STING Upregulation Restricts Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (20) ◽  
pp. 9406-9419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiliu Liu ◽  
Marie-Line Goulet ◽  
Alexandre Sze ◽  
Samar Bel Hadj ◽  
Sidi Mehdi Belgnaoui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACTSTING has emerged in recent years as a key player in orchestrating innate immune responses to cytosolic DNA and RNA derived from pathogens. However, the regulation of STING still remains poorly defined. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of the regulation of STING expression in relation to the RIG-I pathway. Our data show that signaling through RIG-I induces STING expression at both the transcriptional and protein levels in various cell types. STING induction by the RIG-I agonist 5′triphosphorylated RNA (5′pppRNA) was recognized to be a delayed event resulting from an autocrine/paracrine mechanism. Indeed, cotreatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha and type I/II interferon was found to have a synergistic effect on the regulation of STING expression and could be potently decreased by impairing NF-κB and/or STAT1/2 signaling. STING induction significantly contributed to sustainment of the immune signaling cascade following 5′pppRNA treatment. Physiologically, this cross talk between the RNA- and DNA-sensing pathways allowed 5′pppRNA to efficiently block infection by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) bothin vitroandin vivoin a STING-dependent fashion. These observations demonstrate that STING induction by RIG-I signaling through the NF-κB and STAT1/2 cascades is essential for RIG-I agonist-mediated HSV-1 restriction.IMPORTANCEThe innate immune system represents the first line of defense against invading pathogens. The dysregulation of this system can result in failure to combat pathogens, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. Thus, precise regulation at each level of the innate immune system is crucial. Recently, a number of studies have established STING to be a central molecule in the innate immune response to cytosolic DNA and RNA derived from pathogens. Here, we describe the regulation of STING via RIG-I-mediated innate immune sensing. We found that STING is synergistically induced via proinflammatory and antiviral cytokine cascades. In addition, we show thatin vivoprotection against herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) by a RIG-I agonist required STING. Our study provides new insights into the cross talk between DNA and RNA pathogen-sensing systems via the control of STING.

scholarly journals A novel bioluminescent herpes simplex virus 1 for in vivo monitoring of herpes simplex encephalitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olus Uyar ◽  
Pier-Luc Plante ◽  
Jocelyne Piret ◽  
Marie-Christine Venable ◽  
Julie Carbonneau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Cell Culture Supernatant ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1 ◽  
Viral Titers

AbstractHerpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is responsible for herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE), associated with a 70% mortality rate in the absence of treatment. Despite intravenous treatment with acyclovir, mortality remains significant, highlighting the need for new anti-herpetic agents. Herein, we describe a novel neurovirulent recombinant HSV-1 (rHSV-1), expressing the fluorescent tdTomato and Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) enzyme, generated by the Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)—CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) (CRISPR-Cas9) system. The Gluc activity measured in the cell culture supernatant was correlated (P = 0.0001) with infectious particles, allowing in vitro monitoring of viral replication kinetics. A significant correlation was also found between brain viral titers and Gluc activity in plasma (R2 = 0.8510, P < 0.0001) collected from BALB/c mice infected intranasally with rHSV-1. Furthermore, evaluation of valacyclovir (VACV) treatment of HSE could also be performed by analyzing Gluc activity in mouse plasma samples. Finally, it was also possible to study rHSV-1 dissemination and additionally to estimate brain viral titers by in vivo imaging system (IVIS). The new rHSV-1 with reporter proteins is not only as a powerful tool for in vitro and in vivo antiviral screening, but can also be used for studying different aspects of HSE pathogenesis.

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