scholarly journals Spread and Persistence of Influenza A Viruses in Waterfowl Hosts in the North American Mississippi Migratory Flyway

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 5371-5381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony C. Fries ◽  
Jacqueline M. Nolting ◽  
Andrew S. Bowman ◽  
Xudong Lin ◽  
Rebecca A. Halpin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Gene Dispersal ◽  
The North ◽  
Migratory Season ◽  
Avian Origin ◽  
Migratory Corridor

ABSTRACTWhile geographic distance often restricts the spread of pathogens via hosts, this barrier may be compromised when host species are mobile. Migratory waterfowl in the order Anseriformes are important reservoir hosts for diverse populations of avian-origin influenza A viruses (AIVs) and are assumed to spread AIVs during their annual continental-scale migrations. However, support for this hypothesis is limited, and it is rarely tested using data from comprehensive surveillance efforts incorporating both the temporal and spatial aspects of host migratory patterns. We conducted intensive AIV surveillance of waterfowl using the North American Mississippi Migratory Flyway (MMF) over three autumn migratory seasons. Viral isolates (n= 297) from multiple host species were sequenced and analyzed for patterns of gene dispersal between northern staging and southern wintering locations. Using a phylogenetic and nucleotide identity framework, we observed a larger amount of gene dispersal within this flyway rather than between the other three longitudinally identified North American flyways. Across seasons, we observed patterns of regional persistence of diversity for each genomic segment, along with limited survival of dispersed AIV gene lineages. Reassortment increased with both time and distance, resulting in transient AIV constellations. This study shows that within the MMF, AIV gene flow favors spread along the migratory corridor within a season, and also that intensive surveillance during bird migration is important for identifying virus dispersal on time scales relevant to pandemic responsiveness. In addition, this study indicates that comprehensive monitoring programs to capture AIV diversity are critical for providing insight into AIV evolution and ecology in a major natural reservoir.IMPORTANCEMigratory birds are a reservoir for antigenic and genetic diversity of influenza A viruses (AIVs) and are implicated in the spread of virus diversity that has contributed to previous pandemic events. Evidence for dispersal of avian-origin AIVs by migratory birds is rarely examined on temporal scales relevant to pandemic or panzootic threats. Therefore, characterizing AIV movement by hosts within a migratory season is important for implementing effective surveillance strategies. We conducted surveillance following birds along a major North American migratory route and observed that within a migratory season, AIVs rapidly reassorted and gene lineages were dispersed primarily within the migratory corridor. Patterns of regional persistence were observed across seasons for each gene segment. We show that dispersal of AIV gene lineages by migratory birds occurs quickly along migratory routes and that surveillance for AIVs threatening human and animal health should focus attention on these routes.

scholarly journals Influenza A Viruses from Wild Birds in Guatemala Belong to the North American Lineage

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. e32873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana S. González-Reiche ◽  
María E. Morales-Betoulle ◽  
Danilo Alvarez ◽  
Jean-Luc Betoulle ◽  
Maria L. Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
The North

scholarly journals Origins and Evolutionary Dynamics of H3N2 Canine Influenza Virus

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 5406-5418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henan Zhu ◽  
Joseph Hughes ◽  
Pablo R. Murcia
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
North American ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Canine Influenza Virus ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Avian Origin ◽  
Canine Influenza

ABSTRACTInfluenza A viruses (IAVs) are maintained mainly in wild birds, and despite frequent spillover infections of avian IAVs into mammals, only a small number of viruses have become established in mammalian hosts. A new H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) of avian origin emerged in Asia in the mid-2000s and is now circulating in dog populations of China and South Korea, and possibly in Thailand. The emergence of CIV provides new opportunities for zoonotic infections and interspecies transmission. We examined 14,764 complete IAV genomes together with all CIV genomes publicly available since its first isolation until 2013. We show that CIV may have originated as early as 1999 as a result of segment reassortment among Eurasian and North American avian IAV lineages. We also identified amino acid changes that might have played a role in CIV emergence, some of which have not been previously identified in other cross-species jumps. CIV evolves at a lower rate than H3N2 human influenza viruses do, and viral phylogenies exhibit geographical structure compatible with high levels of local transmission. We detected multiple intrasubtypic and heterosubtypic reassortment events, including the acquisition of the NS segment of an H5N1 avian influenza virus that had previously been overlooked. In sum, our results provide insight into the adaptive changes required by avian viruses to establish themselves in mammals and also highlight the potential role of dogs to act as intermediate hosts in which viruses with zoonotic and/or pandemic potential could originate, particularly with an estimated dog population of ∼700 million.IMPORTANCEInfluenza A viruses circulate in humans and animals. This multihost ecology has important implications, as past pandemics were caused by IAVs carrying gene segments of both human and animal origin. Adaptive evolution is central to cross-species jumps, and this is why understanding the evolutionary processes that shape influenza A virus genomes is key to elucidating the mechanisms underpinning viral emergence. An avian-origin canine influenza virus (CIV) has recently emerged in dogs and is spreading in Asia. We reconstructed the evolutionary history of CIV and show that it originated from both Eurasian and North American avian lineages. We also identified the mutations that might have been responsible for the cross-species jump. Finally, we provide evidence of multiple reassortment events between CIV and other influenza viruses (including an H5N1 avian virus). This is a cause for concern, as there is a large global dog population to which humans are highly exposed.

scholarly journals H5N1 Influenza A Virus PB1-F2 Relieves HAX-1-Mediated Restriction of Avian Virus Polymerase PA in Human Lung Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. e00425-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Mazel-Sanchez ◽  
I. Boal-Carvalho ◽  
F. Silva ◽  
R. Dijkman ◽  
M. Schmolke
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Zoonotic Transmission ◽  
Restriction Factor ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Human Lung Cells ◽  
Enzymatic Function ◽  
H5n1 Influenza ◽  
Avian Origin

ABSTRACTHighly pathogenic influenza A viruses (IAV) from avian hosts were first reported to directly infect humans 20 years ago. However, such infections are rare events, and our understanding of factors promoting or restricting zoonotic transmission is still limited. One accessory protein of IAV, PB1-F2, was associated with pathogenicity of pandemic and zoonotic IAV. This short (90-amino-acid) peptide does not harbor an enzymatic function. We thus identified host factors interacting with H5N1 PB1-F2, which could explain its importance for virulence. PB1-F2 binds to HCLS1-associated protein X1 (HAX-1), a recently identified host restriction factor of the PA subunit of IAV polymerase complexes. We demonstrate that the PA of a mammal-adapted H1N1 IAV is resistant to HAX-1 imposed restriction, while the PA of an avian-origin H5N1 IAV remains sensitive. We also showed HAX-1 sensitivity for PAs of A/Brevig Mission/1/1918 (H1N1) and A/Shanghai/1/2013 (H7N9), two avian-origin zoonotic IAV. Inhibition of H5N1 polymerase by HAX-1 can be alleviated by its PB1-F2 through direct competition. Accordingly, replication of PB1-F2-deficient H5N1 IAV is attenuated in the presence of large amounts of HAX-1. Mammal-adapted H1N1 and H3N2 viruses do not display this dependence on PB1-F2 for efficient replication in the presence of HAX-1. We propose that PB1-F2 plays a key role in zoonotic transmission of avian H5N1 IAV into humans.IMPORTANCEAquatic and shore birds are the natural reservoir of influenza A viruses from which the virus can jump into a variety of bird and mammal host species, including humans. H5N1 influenza viruses are a good model for this process. They pose an ongoing threat to human and animal health due to their high mortality rates. However, it is currently unclear what restricts these interspecies jumps on the host side or what promotes them on the virus side. Here we show that a short viral peptide, PB1-F2, helps H5N1 bird influenza viruses to overcome a human restriction factor of the viral polymerase complex HAX-1. Interestingly, we found that human influenza A virus polymerase complexes are already adapted to HAX-1 and do not require this function of PB1-F2. We thus propose that a functional full-length PB1-F2 supports direct transmission of bird viruses into humans.

scholarly journals Spatial, Temporal, and Species Variation in Prevalence of Influenza A Viruses in Wild Migratory Birds

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. e61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent J Munster ◽  
Chantal Baas ◽  
Pascal Lexmond ◽  
Jonas Waldenström ◽  
Anders Wallensten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Influenza A Viruses

scholarly journals Matrix Gene of Influenza A Viruses Isolated from Wild Aquatic Birds: Ecology and Emergence of Influenza A Viruses

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (16) ◽  
pp. 8771-8779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Widjaja ◽  
Scott L. Krauss ◽  
Richard J. Webby ◽  
Tao Xie ◽  
Robert G. Webster
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Delaware Bay ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Aquatic Birds ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
M Gene ◽  
Matrix Gene ◽  
Distinct Lineage ◽  
Wild Waterfowl

ABSTRACT Wild aquatic birds are the primary reservoir of influenza A viruses, but little is known about the viruses' gene pool in wild birds. Therefore, we investigated the ecology and emergence of influenza viruses by conducting phylogenetic analysis of 70 matrix (M) genes of influenza viruses isolated from shorebirds and gulls in the Delaware Bay region and from ducks in Alberta, Canada, during >18 years of surveillance. In our analysis, we included 61 published M genes of isolates from various hosts. We showed that M genes of Canadian duck viruses and those of shorebird and gull viruses in the Delaware Bay shared ancestors with the M genes of North American poultry viruses. We found that North American and Eurasian avian-like lineages are divided into sublineages, indicating that multiple branches of virus evolution may be maintained in wild aquatic birds. The presence of non-H13 gull viruses in the gull-like lineage and of H13 gull viruses in other avian lineages suggested that gulls' M genes do not preferentially associate with the H13 subtype or segregate into a distinct lineage. Some North American avian influenza viruses contained M genes closely related to those of Eurasian avian viruses. Therefore, there may be interregional mixing of the two clades. Reassortment of shorebird M and HA genes was evident, but there was no correlation among the HA or NA subtype, M gene sequence, and isolation time. Overall, these results support the hypothesis that influenza viruses in wild waterfowl contain distinguishable lineages of M genes.

scholarly journals The enigma of the apparent disappearance of Eurasian highly pathogenic H5 clade 2.3.4.4 influenza A viruses in North American waterfowl

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (32) ◽  
pp. 9033-9038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Krauss ◽  
David E. Stallknecht ◽  
Richard D. Slemons ◽  
Andrew S. Bowman ◽  
Rebecca L. Poulson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic

One of the major unresolved questions in influenza A virus (IAV) ecology is exemplified by the apparent disappearance of highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1, H5N2, and H5N8 (H5Nx) viruses containing the Eurasian hemagglutinin 2.3.4.4 clade from wild bird populations in North America. The introduction of Eurasian lineage HP H5 clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 IAV and subsequent reassortment with low-pathogenic H?N2 and H?N1 North American wild bird-origin IAVs in late 2014 resulted in widespread HP H5Nx IAV infections and outbreaks in poultry and wild birds across two-thirds of North America starting in November 2014 and continuing through June 2015. Although the stamping out strategies adopted by the poultry industry and animal health authorities in Canada and the United States—which included culling, quarantining, increased biosecurity, and abstention from vaccine use—were successful in eradicating the HP H5Nx viruses from poultry, these activities do not explain the apparent disappearance of these viruses from migratory waterfowl. Here we examine current and historical aquatic bird IAV surveillance and outbreaks of HP H5Nx in poultry in the United States and Canada, providing additional evidence of unresolved mechanisms that restrict the emergence and perpetuation of HP avian influenza viruses in these natural reservoirs.

scholarly journals Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Northern Egypt

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nehal M. Nabil ◽  
Ahmed M. Erfan ◽  
Maram M. Tawakol ◽  
Naglaa M. Haggag ◽  
Mahmoud M. Naguib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Ha Gene ◽  
Live Bird

Wild migratory birds are often implicated in the introduction, maintenance, and global dissemination of different pathogens, such as influenza A viruses (IAV) and antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. Trapping of migratory birds during their resting periods at the northern coast of Egypt is a common and ancient practice performed mainly for selling in live bird markets (LBM). In the present study, samples were collected from 148 wild birds, representing 14 species, which were being offered for sale in LBM. All birds were tested for the presence of AIV and enterobacteriaceae. Ten samples collected from Northern Shoveler birds (Spatula clypeata) were positive for IAV and PCR sub-typing and pan HA/NA sequencing assays detected H5N8, H9N2, and H6N2 viruses in four, four, and one birds, respectively. Sequencing of the full haemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed a high similarity with currently circulating IAV in Egypt. From all the birds, E. coli was recovered from 37.2% and Salmonella from 20.2%, with 66–96% and 23–43% isolates being resistant to at least one of seven selected critically important antimicrobials (CIA), respectively. The presence of enzootic IAV and the wide prevalence of AMR enterobacteriaceae in wild birds highlight the potential role of LBM in the spread of different pathogens from and to wild birds. Continued surveillance of both AIV and antimicrobial-resistant enterobacteriaceae in wild birds’ habitats is urgently needed.

scholarly journals Influenza A viruses remain infectious for more than seven months in northern wetlands of North America

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1934) ◽  
pp. 20201680
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Ramey ◽  
Andrew B. Reeves ◽  
Judith Z. Drexler ◽  
Joshua T. Ackerman ◽  
Susan De La Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
North America ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Support Surface ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Challenge Study ◽  
Environmental Reservoir ◽  
Surface Water Samples

In this investigation, we used a combination of field- and laboratory-based approaches to assess if influenza A viruses (IAVs) shed by ducks could remain viable for extended periods in surface water within three wetland complexes of North America. In a field experiment, replicate filtered surface water samples inoculated with duck swabs were tested for IAVs upon collection and again after an overwintering period of approximately 6–7 months. Numerous IAVs were molecularly detected and isolated from these samples, including replicates maintained at wetland field sites in Alaska and Minnesota for 181–229 days. In a parallel laboratory experiment, we attempted to culture IAVs from filtered surface water samples inoculated with duck swabs from Minnesota each month during September 2018–April 2019 and found monthly declines in viral viability. In an experimental challenge study, we found that IAVs maintained in filtered surface water within wetlands of Alaska and Minnesota for 214 and 226 days, respectively, were infectious in a mallard model. Collectively, our results support surface waters of northern wetlands as a biologically important medium in which IAVs may be both transmitted and maintained, potentially serving as an environmental reservoir for infectious IAVs during the overwintering period of migratory birds.

Phragmidium rosae-moschatae (musk rose rust).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Host Species ◽  
The North

Abstract This rust attacks species of Rosa native to Asia. None of these host species are related to species of common ornamental roses, thus this rust species does not appear to be a threat to the North American and other rose industries.

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